1. Ch. 3.1: What are elements? Atoms and Atomic Structure Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Fact: More than 99% of the matter in our solar system is contained in the sun.

2. The Building Blocks of Matter An Element is: A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means.

3. The Building Blocks of Matter: 3 subunits Atoms are made of 3 subunits: –Protons –Neutrons –Electrons

4. The Building Blocks of Matter Example: Gold is still Gold whether it’s been melted, hammered, re-formed or divided into smaller pieces.

5. The Building Blocks of Matter 92 elements occur naturally on earth and in the stars. Other elements (approximately 20) have been produced in the laboratory. Identified by a 1, 2 or 3-letter abbreviation known as a chemical symbol.

6. The Building Blocks of Matter ElementSymbolElementSymbol Hydrogen H Aluminum Al Helium He Sulfur S Carbon C Potassium K Nitrogen N Silver Ag Oxygen O Gold Au

7. The Building Blocks of Matter ElementSymbolElementSymbol Fluorine F Lithium Li Magnesium Mg Mercury Hg Copper Cu Calcium Ca Sodium Na Boron B Calcium Ca Phosphorus P

8. The Building Blocks of Matter Atoms: The smallest units of matter that still have all the properties of that element Element: A form of matter that contains only one type of atom.

9. The Building Blocks of Matter: Atoms An Atom is the smallest particle of an element that has all the characteristics of that element.

10. The Building Blocks of Matter: Atoms Atoms consist of even smaller particles; protons, neutrons and electrons. Center of an atom is called the nucleus. Made up of protons and neutrons. Proton (+) is a tiny particle that has mass and a positive electrical charge. Written as p+.

11. The Building Blocks of Matter: Atoms Neutron is a particle with the same mass as a proton, but has neutral electrical charge. Written as n or n 0. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of an atom.

12. The Building Blocks of Matter: Nucleus The nucleus has a net positive charge. Why? Because only protons (p+) and neutrons (n) in the nucleus.

13. The Building Blocks of Matter: Atomic # and Atomic mass Atomic Number is the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. Atomic Mass is the combined number of protons and neutrons.

14. The Building Blocks of Matter: Atomic Structure Element# protons# neutronsAtomic #Atomic Mass Hydrogen1011 Helium2224 Lithium3437 Carbon66612 Oxygen88816 Iron26302656

15. The Building Blocks of Matter: The Nucleus Elements on the periodic table are arranged by atomic #, which is the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus.

16. The Building Blocks of Matter: The Nucleus The lightest atom is Hydrogen, which has 1 proton in its nucleus. The heaviest (naturally occurring) atom is Uranium, which has 92 protons and 146 neutrons in its nucleus.

17. The Building Blocks of Matter: Electrons Orbiting the nucleus of an atom are smaller particles called electrons. An electron has little mass, but has a negative electrical charge that is exactly the same magnitude as the positive charge of a proton. An atom with an equal number of protons and electrons will have a net charge of zero, or no charge. Written as e-.

18. The Building Blocks of Matter: 3 subunits Draw this Helium atom and label the protons p+ and the neutrons n. Put an e - next to the electrons. p n n e-e-

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20. The Building Blocks of Matter: Isotopes All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons. However, the number of neutrons in the nucleus can vary. When atoms of the same element have different number of neutrons, they are known as isotopes.

21. The Building Blocks of Matter: Isotopes For example: All Chlorine (Cl) atoms all have 17 protons, but they can either have 18 or 20 neutrons. This means there are 2 types of chlorine: –One type of Cl has 17 p+ and 18 n -> atomic mass of 35. –Another type of Cl has 17 p+ and 20 n -> atomic mass of 37.

22. The Building Blocks of Matter: Isotopes Therefore, Chlorine is an isotope. The atomic mass is an average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element. Chlorine’s mass is an average of the 2 isotopes of chlorine, which is 35.453.

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24. The Building Blocks of Matter: Radioactivity Radioactivity is the spontaneous process through which unstable nuclei emit radiation (energy). A nucleus can lose protons and neutrons, change a proton to a neutron, or change a neutron to a proton. Because the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus identifies an element, the decay or change in the nucleus changes the element.

25. The Building Blocks of Matter: Isotopes For example: The isotope Uranium-238 decays over time to Lead-206. A rock with uranium present will also have some Lead, due to radioactive decay. We can use this information to determine the age of a rock.

26. The Building Blocks of Matter: Abundance 2 most abundant elements in the universe: Hydrogen and Helium. All of the other elements account for less than 1% of all the atoms in the universe.

27. Abundance of Elements p n n e-e- Universe

28. The Building Blocks of Matter: Abundance 2 most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust are: Oxygen and Silicon. Some other common elements include: Aluminum, Iron, Sodium, and Calcium.

29. Abundance of Elements p n n e-e- Earth

30. The Building Blocks of Matter: Orbitals Electrons are distributed over different levels around an atom’s nucleus. These levels are arranged in predictable patterns.

31. The Building Blocks of Matter: Orbitals Each energy level can only hold a limited number of electrons.

32. The Building Blocks of Matter: Orbitals Electrons tend to occupy the lowest, or innermost, energy levels. The electrons in the outermost energy level determine the chemical behavior of the different elements (for example, if that element will easily combine with another).

33. The Building Blocks of Matter: Orbitals The outermost electrons are called valence electrons. Electron energy levels are also called atomic orbitals.

34. Electron Energy Levels 1s ___ 2s ___ 2p ___ 3s ___ 3p ___ …

36. Coming Up Soon Add these notes to your science notebook: Atoms and Atomic Structure Chapter 2 test this Thursday. Need colored pencils on Friday

37. The Periodic Table of Elements Demitri Mendeleev (1834 – 1907) noticed that groups of elements had similar properties and developed periodic law. “Groups” are elements arranged vertically. “Families” are elements arranged horizontally.

38. The Periodic Table of Elements H H Hydrogen

39. The Periodic Table of Elements Find & Draw the stair-case with pen/pencil

40. 58 – 71 Lanthanum series 90 – 103 Actinium series Atomic Number – top left Atomic Mass – decimal #

41. The Periodic Table of Elements On the back of your periodic table: Make a list: Alkali Metals – Metals which will accept a p+

42. 58 – 71 Lanthanum series 90 – 103 Actinium series Color this row ORANGE EXCEPT HYDROGEN!! Label this first column Alkali Metals

43. The Periodic Table of Elements On the back of your periodic table: Make a list: Alkali Earth Metals – Very reactive metals, not found free in nature.

44. 58 – 71 Lanthanum series 90 – 103 Actinium series Color this row Blue Label the 2nd column Alkali Earth Metals

45. The Periodic Table of Elements On the back of your periodic table: Make a list: Transition Metals – Like other metals, conduct heat and electricity. Have valence electrons in more than one level.

46. 58 – 71 Lanthanum series 90 – 103 Actinium series Color all of these rows RED Label the red columns Transition Metals Transition Metals

47. The Periodic Table of Elements On the back of your periodic table: Make a list: Other Metals – Different from the transition metals. All solid, opaque & very dense.

48. 58 – 71 Lanthanum series 90 – 103 Actinium series Label the yellow area below the staircase Other Metals Other Metals

49. The Periodic Table of Elements On the back of your periodic table: Make a list: Non-Metals – Not able to conduct heat/electricity well. Brittle. Exist as a solid or gas at room temperature.

50. 58 – 71 Lanthanum series 90 – 103 Actinium series Find the staircase and color everything above it GREEN, except the very last row Label the green area Non-metals Non-Metals

51. The Periodic Table of Elements On the back of your periodic table: Make a list: Noble Gases – Full outer electron shell. Stable. Doesn’t readily form compounds.

52. 58 – 71 Lanthanum series 90 – 103 Actinium series The very last row is called the Noble Gases Color the last row BROWN.

53. The Periodic Table of Elements On the back of your periodic table: Make a list: Metalloids– Have properties of both metals and non- metals.

54. 58 – 71 Lanthanum series 90 – 103 Actinium series Label Metalloids – along the staircase.

55. Atomic Jokes A neutron walks into a restaurant and orders a couple of sodas. As she is about to leave, she asks the waiter how much she owes. The waiter replies, "For you,... Did you hear oxygen went on a date with potassium? It went… No Charge!” OK

56. Fireworks video https://vimeo.com/12772132

57. Element Worksheet – 2 nd page Fill in the last 2 columns. Neutrons = Atomic Mass - # protons Electrons = # protons for a neutral atom

58. Bill Bryson reading