1. Perform your own Gel Electrophoresis Go to this website to perform your gel electrophoresis http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/un its/biotech/gel/http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/un its/biotech/gel/ Once you understand the process, use your DNA detective skills to help solve a mystery. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ sheppard/analyze.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ sheppard/analyze.html Or google NOVA DNA Fingerprint –NOVA Online | Killer's Trail | Create a DNA FingerprintNOVA Online | Killer's Trail | Create a DNA Fingerprint Homework –Perform gel electrophoresis Write a step by step procedure typed –Find the culprit

2. Homework Quiz tomorrow on chapter 14. Read and complete workbook for sections 15-1 and 15-2 for Thursday. Test on Chapter 14 & 15-1-2 on Friday or Monday.

3. Do Now! Why might a scientist want to know the sequence of a DNA molecule? Describe the processes scientists use to manipulate DNA. How does electrophoresis work? How is genetic engineering like computer programming?

4. Genetic Engineering Changing the Living World Study for upcoming test. Research Project is due next week!

5. Selective Breeding Humans use selective breeding to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms Hybridization – The crossing of dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms. –Luther Burbank and his amazing Burbank potato. Inbreeding is the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.

6. Increasing Variation Mutations can be induced to help create variation in organisms. Polyploidy plants have an extra chromosome 3N. Monoploid Aneuploid

7. Manipulating DNA Genetic Engineering is the process of reading and changing DNA sequences in an organism. Reading the Genetic Code –DNA extraction –Cutting and Labeling DNA –Separating DNA –Reading the DNA sequence –Making Copies (PCR – polymerase chain reaction)

8. Manipulating DNA Genetic Engineering is the process of reading and changing DNA sequences in an organism. Reading the Genetic Code –DNA extraction –Cutting and Labeling DNA –Separating DNA –Reading the DNA sequence –Making Copies (PCR – polymerase chain reaction)

9. Manipulating DNA Genetic Engineering is the process of reading and changing DNA sequences in an organism. Reading the Genetic Code –DNA extraction –Cutting and Labeling DNA –Separating DNA –Reading the DNA sequence –Making Copies (PCR – polymerase chain reaction)

10. Manipulating DNA Genetic Engineering is the process of reading and changing DNA sequences in an organism. Reading the Genetic Code –DNA extraction –Cutting and Labeling DNA –Separating DNA –Reading the DNA sequence –Making Copies (PCR – polymerase chain reaction)

11. PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction Making copies to work with.

12. Southern Blot Looking for a specific sequence of DNA Possibly a Gene.

13. DNA Fingerprinting

14. Homework 1.Complete handout tonight. 2.Test on chapter 14 & 15 will be in lab on Thursday. 3.Tomorrow’s class will be review.

15. Vocabulary Plasmid - circular DNA molecule found in bacteria genetic marker - gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry a plasmid with foreign DNA from those that don’t Recombinant DNA – DNA that has been created artificially. DNA from two or more sources is incorporated into a single recombinant molecule. Vector – a bacterium or virus used to transport & deliver recombinant DNA

16. Recombinant DNA

17. Transforming Bacteria

18. Transforming Plants

19. Transforming Animal Cells (Gene Therapy to Treat Cystic Fibrosis) Viruses can be used as vectors. Vectors act as a transportation and delivery system.

20. Is currently working on converting: –CO2 → Fuels & Chemicals –Plant Biomass → Fuels & Chemicals –Coal → Fuels & Chemicals –Check out (Craig Venter at TEDMED 2009) at youtube.com (posted 6 days ago)

21. Do Now! Give one example of selective breeding. Relate genetic variations and mutations together. How might a breeder induce mutations? What is polyploidy?

22. Transgenic Organisms term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms

23. Transgenic Organisms Transgenic Bacteria Transgenic Plants Transgenic animals Produce clotting factors insulin HGH Stronger plants More production Pest resistance More production

24. Transgenic Organisms

25. Do Now!!! 1.How is genetic engineering like computer programming? 2.How does gel electrophoresis work? 3.What is transformation? 4.How can you tell if a transformation experiment has been successful? 5.Compare the transformation of a prokaryotic cell with the transformation of a eukaryotic cell.

26. The Human Genome Chapter 14 Homework 14-1 and 14-2 Why was the completion of the Human Genome Project considered just the beginning? What are HG biologist doing now?

27. Cloning member of a population of genetically identical organisms produced from a single cell

28. “Dolly” “Dolly” was an important break through not just because she was a mammal. Frogs were cloned back in 1950’s Why was dolly so special? –Research and answer this question for me.

29. Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project is an attempt to sequence all human DNA.

30. Human Heredity polygenic traitpolygenic trait - trait controlled by two or more genes PedigreePedigree - chart that shows the relationships within a family AutosomeAutosome - autosomal chromosome; chromosome that is not a sex chromosome sex chromosomesex chromosome - one of two chromosomes that determine an individual's sex; females have two X chromosomes; males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome KaryotypeKaryotype - set of photographs of chromosomes grouped in order in pairs

31. Karyotype Making a Karyotype –Photograph chromosom es during mitosis –Cut chromosom es out of photograph –Group them in order, in pairs –Male 46XY –Female 46XX

33. Determining Sex All egg cells carry a single X chromosome (23X). However, half of all sperm cells carry an X chromosome (23X) and half carry a Y chromosome (23Y). This ensures that just about half of the zygotes will be 46XX and half will be 46XY.

34. Human Genes Blood Group Genes Rh+ and Rh- (Rhesus factor)

35. Autosomal Disorders Genes for these disorders are located on autosomes –Recessive disorder –Dominant disorders –Codominant disorders

36. Objectives Genetic Disorders –Autosomal Dominant –Autosomal Resessive –Codominant Disorders Sex-linked Traits –Color Blindness –Hemophelia –… Pedigree Charts Homework Complete Handout for Monday. Just Sections 14-1 and 14-2. Do Now!! Name one disorder we spoke about yesterday. –How is it inherited? –What are the characteristics of the disorder?

37. Gene to Molecule In both cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease, a small change in the DNA of a single gene affects the structure of a protein, causing a serious genetic disorder. PKU is the actual lack of a certain enzyme that breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine.

38. Cystic Fibrosis

39. Human Genome Chromosomes 21 and 22 are the smallest human autosomes. Chromosome 22 contains approximately 43 million DNA bases. –22 contains as many as 545 different genes –includes an allele that causes a form of leukemia Chromosome 21 contains roughly 32 million bases. –225 genes, including one associated with ALS

40. Homework 14-3 Studyguide Test Friday chapters 13 and 14 Review next class Extra Help Wednesday 7:15AM

41. Sex-Linked Genes Males have just one X chromosome. Thus, all X-linked alleles are expressed in males, even if they are recessive.

42. Sex-Linked Disorders Colorblindness Hemophelia Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

43. Chapter 14 Objectives X Chromosome inactivation Down Syndrome Nondisjunction Homework Test on Wednesday Chapters 12 & 14 Review Day Tomorrow

44. X-Chromosome Inactivation Females have two X chromosomes, but males have only one. –Females can inactivate parts of an X chromosome and use the same genetic information from the corresponding chromosome –Spotted Cats

45. Down Syndrome Trisomy 21 United States, approximately 1 baby in 800 is born with Down syndrome mild to severe mental retardation. It is also characterized by an increased susceptibility to many diseases

46. Chromosomal Disorders Nondisjunction - error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

47. Sex-Chromosome Disorders Turner’s syndrome (X-) –Women with Turner’s syndrome are sterile because their sex organs do not develop at puberty Klinefelter’s syndrome - Males (XXY; XXXY…) –Unable to reproduce –What if there was just a Y chromosome?

48. Homework Find two transgenic organism on the internet. –Type up a summary about the organisms. –What are they? –How are they made? –How are they useful? Or Why were they created? Answer the big question on “Dolly” –Why was she so special?