2. THE HOLOCAUST

3. DEFINTIONS: HOLOCAUST HOLOCAUST A PROGRAM OF MASS MURDER A PROGRAM OF MASS MURDERGENOCIDE THE ANNIHILATON OF ENTIRE RACE OF PEOPLE THE ANNIHILATON OF ENTIRE RACE OF PEOPLE Anti -Semitism This is the term given to political, social and economic agitation against Jews. In simple terms it means ‘Hatred of Jews’. Aryan Race This was the name of what Hitler believed was the perfect race. These were people with full German blood, blonde hair and blue eyes.

4. For hundreds of years Christian Europe had regarded the Jews as the Christ -killers. At one time or another Jews had been driven out of almost every European country. The way they were treated in England in the thirteenth century is a typical example. In 1275 they were made to wear a yellow badge. In 1287 269 Jews were hanged in the Tower of London. This deep prejudice against Jews was still strong in the twentieth century, especially in Germany, Poland and Eastern Europe, where the Jewish population was very large. After the First World War hundreds of Jews were blamed for the defeat in the War. Prejudice against the Jews grew during the economic depression which followed. Many Germans were poor and unemployed and wanted someone to blame. They turned on the Jews, many of whom were rich and successful in business. Jews were a SCAPEGOAT

5. PROGRESSION OF DISCRIMINATION TOWARDS JEWS The NAZI party and Adolf Hitler seized power in 1933 and slowly began their program against the Jews of Germany The NAZI party and Adolf Hitler seized power in 1933 and slowly began their program against the Jews of Germany In 1933 there were 566,000 Jews living in Germany. In 1933 there were 566,000 Jews living in Germany. Each new year in Germany led to harsher policies directed towards the Jews. Each new year in Germany led to harsher policies directed towards the Jews.

6. 1933 NAZIS boycott Jewish businesses NAZIS boycott Jewish businesses issue decree that defines non- Aryans issue decree that defines non- Aryans Hermann Goering creates the GESTAPO Hermann Goering creates the GESTAPO first concentration camps are built first concentration camps are built Dachau - 3/22/33 Dachau - 3/22/331934 Jews are not allowed to have national health insurance Jews are not allowed to have national health insurance the SS (Schutzstaffel) is formed the SS (Schutzstaffel) is formed Hitler becomes Der Fuherer and receives a 90% approval rating from the people Hitler becomes Der Fuherer and receives a 90% approval rating from the people

7. 1935- Nuremberg Race Laws

8. 1936 SS Deathshead division is created to guard camps SS Deathshead division is created to guard camps Heinreich Himmler is appointed Chief of the German Police Heinreich Himmler is appointed Chief of the German Police Olympic games in Berlin, Jews treated better - briefly. Olympic games in Berlin, Jews treated better - briefly.1937 Jews are not allowed to teach Germans Jews are not allowed to teach Germans not allowed to be accountants or dentists not allowed to be accountants or dentists “Eternal Jew” exhibit opened in Germany “Eternal Jew” exhibit opened in Germany this promoted stereo-types of Jews and warned Germans this promoted stereo-types of Jews and warned Germans

9. 1938 Nazi troops enter Austria Nazi troops enter Austria League of Nations considers helping Jews fleeing Hitler, but no country will take them League of Nations considers helping Jews fleeing Hitler, but no country will take them Jews are not allowed to practice medicine Jews are not allowed to practice medicine 1939- KRISTALLN ACHT Night of Broken Glass Jewish stores, shops and synagogues burned down Took place because a German official was killed in Paris by a Jew November 9, 1939

10. 1939 Reinhard Heydrich is ordered to speed up emigration of Jews Reinhard Heydrich is ordered to speed up emigration of Jews The St. Louis is turned away from the US. The St. Louis is turned away from the US. Jews must hand over all gold and silver. Jews must hand over all gold and silver. Nazi troops seize Czechoslovakia Nazi troops seize Czechoslovakia 350,000 Jews 350,000 Jews POLAND 1939 Sept. 1, 1939 Nazis invade Poland Sept. 1, 1939 Nazis invade Poland 3.35 million Jews 3.35 million Jews Hans Frank becomes governor of Poland Hans Frank becomes governor of Poland Forced labor decree issued and all Jews must wear yellow stars Forced labor decree issued and all Jews must wear yellow stars “I ask nothing of Jews except that they should disappear”

11. 1940 German Jews are deported to Poland German Jews are deported to Poland Ghettos of Lodz, Krakow and Warsaw are sealed off. Ghettos of Lodz, Krakow and Warsaw are sealed off. Total of 600,000 Jews Total of 600,000 Jews These ghettos will be liquidated starting in 1942 These ghettos will be liquidated starting in 1942 German soldiers rounding up Jews to be placed in ghettos1941 Nazis invade the Soviet Union Nazis invade the Soviet Union Jewish population of 3 million Jewish population of 3 million Hitler issues infamous “Commissar Order” Hitler issues infamous “Commissar Order” SS Einsatzgruppen follow advance of German Army SS Einsatzgruppen follow advance of German Army “Liquidate all Communist officials you encounter!

12. Einsatzgruppen SS “Special Action Groups” organized in early years of war by Reinhard Heydrich SS “Special Action Groups” organized in early years of war by Reinhard Heydrich Heydrich organized 4 large groups (A,B,C,D) in Soviet Union Heydrich organized 4 large groups (A,B,C,D) in Soviet Union Competition between group leaders to see who could kill the most Jews Competition between group leaders to see who could kill the most Jews 1,300,000 Russian Jews killed by end of war by these “mobile killing units” 1,300,000 Russian Jews killed by end of war by these “mobile killing units”

13. Wannsee Conference Heydrich was ordered by Hermann Goering to prepare a “final solution” to the Jewish question Heydrich was ordered by Hermann Goering to prepare a “final solution” to the Jewish question Heydrich organized a meeting with 15 top Nazi officials in Berlin = Jan. 20, 1942 Heydrich organized a meeting with 15 top Nazi officials in Berlin = Jan. 20, 1942 Nazis would attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe, an estimated 11 million persons Nazis would attempt to exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe, an estimated 11 million persons

14. Heydrich and Final Solution Reinhard Heydrich Reinhard Heydrich “Europe would be combed of Jews from East to West” “Europe would be combed of Jews from East to West” “Madagascar Plan” “Madagascar Plan” ordered Einsatzs to round up and kill Jews in occupied countries ordered Einsatzs to round up and kill Jews in occupied countries leader of RSHA leader of RSHA

15. FINAL SOLUTION “Now judgement has begun and it will reach its conclusion only when the knowledge of the Jews has been erased from the earth!” Nazi Newspaper “Now judgement has begun and it will reach its conclusion only when the knowledge of the Jews has been erased from the earth!” Nazi Newspaper there were 3 phases of the Nazi plan to wipe out the Jewish population of Europe there were 3 phases of the Nazi plan to wipe out the Jewish population of Europe

16. Phase 1 = Shooting Jews were rounded up and told they were to be relocated Jews were rounded up and told they were to be relocated They were taken to the woods and were shot one by one They were taken to the woods and were shot one by one their bodies were buried in mass graves their bodies were buried in mass graves

17. Phase 2 = Gas Vans Again, Jews were rounded up and told they were to be relocated in vans Again, Jews were rounded up and told they were to be relocated in vans The vans were equipped so that the van’s exhaust was piped back into the van The vans were equipped so that the van’s exhaust was piped back into the van 700,000 Jews killed in Vans

18. Problems with Phases 1,2 The Nazis encountered several problems with the executions and gas vans The Nazis encountered several problems with the executions and gas vans First, they were both taking too much time First, they were both taking too much time Second, resources such as gas and munitions were becoming scarce Second, resources such as gas and munitions were becoming scarce Third, soldiers involved were beginning to have psychological problems with what they were doing. Third, soldiers involved were beginning to have psychological problems with what they were doing.

19. Phase 3 = The Camps Nazi leaders decided to drastically speed up the Final Solution Nazi leaders decided to drastically speed up the Final Solution there were two different types of camps: there were two different types of camps: CONCENTRATION CAMPS CONCENTRATION CAMPS EXTERMINATION CAMPS EXTERMINATION CAMPS Jews from all over occupied Europe were to be brought here. Jews from all over occupied Europe were to be brought here.

21. CONCENTRATION 100 of these in Nazi-occupied Europe 100 of these in Nazi-occupied Europe Prisoners used for forced labor Prisoners used for forced labor Prisoners usually lasted less than 1/2 year Prisoners usually lasted less than 1/2 year Communists, homosexuals, criminals, social-democrats, artists. Communists, homosexuals, criminals, social-democrats, artists. First camp was opened in 1933, right after Nazis came to power First camp was opened in 1933, right after Nazis came to power

22. RAVENSBRUCK Camp for women only Camp for women only run by German women who were criminals run by German women who were criminals prisoners worked on remodeling furs prisoners worked on remodeling furs 50,000 killed 50,000 killed 14,000 rescued by Swedish diplomat 14,000 rescued by Swedish diplomat Count Folke Bernadette negotiating for prisoners

23. THERESIENSTADT Most humane camp Most humane camp well connected Jews and war veterans well connected Jews and war veterans Jews married to Aryans could pay to go to this camp Jews married to Aryans could pay to go to this camp Red Cross inspected this camp, good rating Red Cross inspected this camp, good rating stop over on the way to Auschwitz stop over on the way to Auschwitz Jewish band playing for Red Cross inspection team

24. EXTERMINATION Started out as ordinary concentration camps Started out as ordinary concentration camps later modified with gassing installations for use on humans, now “DEATH CAMPS” later modified with gassing installations for use on humans, now “DEATH CAMPS” two sub-groups: two sub-groups: 1) Majdanek and Auschwitz, Birkenau 1) Majdanek and Auschwitz, Birkenau 2) Operation Reinhard camps and Chelmno 2) Operation Reinhard camps and Chelmno “NAZIS GET CLOSE TO CREATING HELL ON EARTH!!!” “NAZIS GET CLOSE TO CREATING HELL ON EARTH!!!”

25. CHELMNO Jews from the Lodz ghetto in Poland sent here First death camp built = 1941 First to use Gas Vans on Jews

26. MAJDANEK Established in 1941 as a POW camp Established in 1941 as a POW camp Started its part in the Final Solution in 1942 Started its part in the Final Solution in 1942 Jews, Poles and Soviet POW’s sent here Jews, Poles and Soviet POW’s sent here Had two gas chambers to exterminate Had two gas chambers to exterminate

27. AUSCHWITZ Started operations in January 1940 (Poland) Started operations in January 1940 (Poland) Himmler chose Auschwitz as the place for the Final Solution Himmler chose Auschwitz as the place for the Final Solution Had 4 gas chambers/crematories by 1943 Had 4 gas chambers/crematories by 1943 Mass killings with Zyklon B gas Mass killings with Zyklon B gas Commanded by Rudolph Hoess Commanded by Rudolph Hoess Recorded 12,000 kills in one day Recorded 12,000 kills in one day

28. THE SS AT AUSCHWITZ ORDERED TO TAKE ALL POSSESSIONS FROM JEWS TEETH WITH GOLD PILES OF GLASSES

29. ZYKLON-B GAS USED TO KILL VERMIN. IT WAS INEXPENSIVE COMPARED TO GAS. DROPPED FROM CEILINGS

30. Dr. Josef Mengele Arrived in Auschwitz in May of 1943 Arrived in Auschwitz in May of 1943 SS Doctor who had power of life/death SS Doctor who had power of life/death performed medical experiments on Jewish children performed medical experiments on Jewish children “ANGEL OF DEATH”

31. MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS Sterilization of men and women Sterilization of men and women Endurance of pain to high and low temperatures and pressure Endurance of pain to high and low temperatures and pressure Experiments on twins to increase number of multiple births to Aryan women Experiments on twins to increase number of multiple births to Aryan women Injections of phenol to kill patients Injections of phenol to kill patients Dr. Mengele attempted to sew children together to make Siamese twins Dr. Mengele attempted to sew children together to make Siamese twins

32. MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS EXTRACTED HUMAN ORGANS EXPERIMENTS ON CHILDREN IN AUSCHWITZ

33. OPERATION REINHARD Largest single massacre of Holocaust Largest single massacre of Holocaust March 1942-November 1943 March 1942-November 1943 Named after Reinhard Heydrich Named after Reinhard Heydrich Carried out at three camps, run by the SS Carried out at three camps, run by the SS Every Jew that arrived at one of the camps would be dead in 2 hours. Every Jew that arrived at one of the camps would be dead in 2 hours. Total of 1,700,000 Jews killed Total of 1,700,000 Jews killed

34. TREBLINKA JEWS FROM WARSAW GHETTO JEWS FROM WARSAW GHETTO 10 GAS CHAMBERS 10 GAS CHAMBERS LOCATED EAST OF WARSAW LOCATED EAST OF WARSAW BODIES WERE BURNED IN OPEN PITS BODIES WERE BURNED IN OPEN PITS AUGUST 1943 AUGUST 1943

35. A Total of 6,000,000 Jews Percentage of Jews killed in each country

36. Jewish women, some holding infants, are forced to wait in a line before their execution by Germans and Ukrainian collaborators.

37. A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive in the ravine after the mass execution.

38. Portrait of two-year-old Mania Halef, a Jewish child who was among the 33,771 persons shot by the SS during the mass executions at Babi Yar, September, 1941.

39. Nazis sift through a huge pile of clothes left by victims of the massacre. Two year old Mani Halef’s clothes are somewhere amongst these.

40. Soviet POWs at forced labor in 1943 exhuming bodies in the ravine at Babi Yar, where the Nazis had murdered over 33,000 Jews in September of 1941. In 1943, when the number of murdered Jews exceeded 1 million. Nazis ordered the bodies of those buried to be dug up and burned to destroy all traces.

41. “Until September 14, 1939 my life was typical of a young Jewish boy in that part of the world in that period of time. I lived in a Jewish community surrounded by gentiles. Aside from my immediate family, I had many relatives and knew all the town people, both Jews and gentiles. Almost two weeks after the outbreak of the war and shortly after my Bar Mitzvah, my world exploded. In the course of the next five and a half years I lost my entire family and almost everyone I ever knew. Death, violence and brutality became a daily occurrence in my life while I was still a young teenager.” Leonard Lerer, 1991 WHY?