1. Ch. 13 The Anatomy Of The Nervous System Ch. 14 The Somatic Nervous System * Terms with an asterisk are not in the OpenStax Text.

2. I. Spinal Cord PPT OUTLINE A.Gross Anatomy 1. Location 2. Regions 3. Conus Medullaris 4. Cauda Equina 5. Denticulate Ligaments 6. Spinal Nerves, Number 7. Anterior Median Fissure 8. Posterior Median Sulcus 9. Central Canal 10. Grey Commissure A.Protection 1.Meninges 2.Cerebrospinal Fluid C. Microscopic Anatomy 1.Grey Matter 2.White Matter D. Functions of the Spinal cord 1.Communication Between the CNS & PNS– Tracts 2.Spinal Reflexes E. Spinal Cord Trauma & Disorders

3. II. Brain (Ch12, Ch13 pp. Ch14 pp. 635-638) A.Basic Parts & Organization B.Ventricles C.Cerebrum 1.Gross Anatomy Basics a.Definitions b.5 Lobes c.Sulci & Gyri 2. Cerebral Cortex a.Description b.General Concepts c.Motor Regions d.Sensory Regions e.Sensory Association Regions 3. White Matter a.Parts that connect the Hemispheres and other regions b. Tracts Medial Lemniscus 4.Subcortical Nuclei - Basal Nuclei … 5. Multimodal Association Areas

4. D.Diencephalon pp. 530- 531; 1.Thalamus 2.Hypothalamus 3.Epithalamus E.Brain Stem 1.Midbrain 2.Pons 3.Medulla Oblongata F. Cranial Reflexes G.Cerebellum pp. 532-533; 603-604; H.Functional Brain Systems 1.Limbic System 2.Reticular Activating System G.Circulation in the CNS H.Protection of the Brain 1.Meninges 2.Cerebrospinal Fluid 3.Blood-Brain Barrier I. Circulation and the CNS K. Homeostatic Imbalances of the Brain– Disorders

5. Figure 12.29a I. Spinal Cord A. Gross Anatomy (OpenStax Text pp. 533-535) 1.Location: Foramen magnum to L1 to L2 2.Regions: 3.*Conus Medullaris: tapered end of cord 4.Cauda Equina: *Filum Terminale: piece of pia mater anchors Cauda Eq. to dura matter Lumbar Puncture: 5.*Denticulate Ligaments = anchors spine to vertebrae 6. Spinal Nerves number = needle entering Subarachnoid space L5L5 L4L4 S1S1 Cervical enlargement Dura and arachnoid mater Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Cauda equina Filum terminale Cervical spinal nerves Lumbar spinal nerves Sacral spinal nerves Thoracic spinal nerves

6. Figure 12.31a 7. Anterior Median Fissure: 8. Posterior Median Sulcus 9. Central Canal: 10. *Grey Commissure: piece of grey matter that connects the two sides of the spinal cord grey matter B. Protection (OpenStax Text pp. 540-541) 1. Meninges = Continuous with Brain (a) Cross section of spinal cord and vertebra Epidural space (contains fat) Pia mater Spinal meninges Arachnoid mater Dura mater Bone of vertebra Subdural space Subarachnoid space (contains CSF) Dorsal root ganglion Body of vertebra Denticulate Ligament Grey Commissure Anterior Median Fissure Posterior Median Sulcus

7. Meninges … a. Dura Mater: Layers: Periosteal Meningeal Epidural Space: Subdural Space: b. Arachnoid Mater: Arachnoid Granulations (Villi): Subarachnoid Space: c. Pia Mater Pia Arachnoid Dura Epidural space (contains fat) Pia mater Arachnoid mater Dura mater Subdural space Subarachnoid space (contains CSF)

8. Brain Meninges Arachnoid Granulations

9. Protection of the Brain … 2. Cerebrospinal Fluid ( p. 541 1 st paragraph under “The Ventricular System”)  *Composition: < protein,K+,Ca+ > Na+, Cl-, H+ than plasma  Location:  Produced by:  Function: (a) Cross section of spinal cord and vertebra Epidural space (contains fat) Pia mater Spinal meninges Arachnoid mater Dura mater Subdural space Subarachnoid space (contains CSF)

10. Figure 12.31b (b) The spinal cord and its meningeal coverings Dorsal funiculus Dorsal median sulcus Gray commissure Dorsal horn Gray matter Lateral horn Ventral horn Ventral funiculus Lateral funiculus White columns Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal root (fans out into dorsal rootlets) Ventral root (derived from several ventral rootlets) Spinal nerve Visceral Sympathetic Motor Neurons T 1 – L 2 (or so) only C. Microscopic Anatomy

11. 1. Grey Matter (Openstax Text p. 534) a. Horns Dorsal Horn Lateral Horn Ventral Horn b.Roots Dorsal Root Ventral Root c. Ganglion Dorsal Root Ganglion C. Microscopic Anatomy … Ventral root (motor) Dorsal root (sensory) Dorsal root ganglion Spinal nerve Dorsal H. Lateral H. Ventral H.

12. 1. Grey Matter … d. Zones Dorsal Horn Somatic Sensory neurons Visceral Sensory neurons Lateral Horn Visceral Motor neurons Ventral Horn (p. 604) Somatic Motor neurons C. Microscopic Anatomy … Ventral root (motor) Dorsal root (sensory) Dorsal root ganglion Spinal nerve Dorsal H. Lateral H. Ventral H.

13. Figure 12.32 Somatic sensory neuron Dorsal root (sensory) Dorsal root ganglion Visceral sensory neuron Somatic motor neuron Spinal nerve Ventral root (motor) Ventral horn (motor neurons) Dorsal horn (interneurons) Visceral motor neuron Interneurons receiving input from somatic sensory neurons Interneurons receiving input from visceral sensory neurons Visceral motor (autonomic) neurons Somatic motor neurons Gray Matter and Spinal Roots … Grey Matter Zones

14. Grey Matter Sensory neuron cell bodies Motor neuron axons Dorsal Horn Lateral Horn Ventral Horn Reflex centers and 2-way communication w/ brain Gray Commissure

15. 2. White Matter (OpenStax Text p. 535) General Organization: -- Funiculi, (or Columns) Dorsal Lateral Ventral Tracts: Function = Ascending Tracts Descending Tracts Dorsal Column Lateral Column Ventral Column

16. Figure 12.33 Ascending tractsDescending tracts Fasciculus gracilis Dorsal white column Fasciculus cuneatus Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Ventral spinothalamic tract Ventral white commissure Lateral corticospinal tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Ventral corticospinal tract Medial reticulospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Tectospinal tract Ventral spinocerebellar tract Neuronal Pathways

17. D. Functions of the Spinal Cord Dorsal Column Lateral Column Ventral Column 1. Communication between the CNS and PNS (OpenStax Text, Ch 14, 14.2 Central Processing pp.586- 587) Tracts-- details a. Multineuron pathways b.Decussation: Except spinocerebellar c. Left-right symmetry: d. Information Flow: Ascending: Descending:

18. Figure 12.34a (2 of 2) Medulla oblongata Fasciculus cuneatus (axon of first-order sensory neuron) Fasciculus gracilis (axon of first-order sensory neuron) Axon of first-order neuron Muscle spindle (proprioceptor) Joint stretch receptor (proprioceptor) Touch receptor Medial lemniscus (tract) (axons of second-order neurons) Nucleus gracilis Nucleus cuneatus (a)Spinocerebellar pathway Dorsal column–medial lemniscal pathway 1 st order neuron: = 2 nd order neuron: 3 rd order neuron e. Sensory = Ascending (pp 586-587) General: Starting w/ nerve 17

19. 3. Tracts … 15 e. Sensory = Ascending (pp 586-587) i) Fasciculus Cuneatus & Gracilis Senses: 1 st Neuron 2 nd Neuron: Decussates Medial-Leminscus 3 rd neuron: Somatosensory Cortex (post central gyrus) Fasciculus Cuneatus & Fasciculus Gracilis Corticospinal Lateral & Ventral Spinothalmic, Lateral & Ventral Spinocerebellar Thalamus Midbrain Medulla Oblongata Cerebellum Pons Lumbar Vertebra Cervical Vertebra 1st 2 nd 3 rd

20. ii) Spinothalmic (Lateral & Ventral) Senses: Path: 1 st neuron:  2 nd neuron;  Descutate  3 rd neuron:  Somatosensory Cortex Figure 12.34b (2 of 2) Temperature receptors Lateral spinothalamic tract Pain receptors Medulla oblongata Cervical spinal cord Lumbar spinal cord (b)Spinothalamic pathway Primary somatosensory cortex Axons of third-order neurons Thalamus Cerebrum Midbrain Cerebellum Pons (b)Spinothalamic pathway Axons of first-order neurons 1 st 2 nd 3 rd

21. e. Ascending Tracts … iii) *Spinocerebellar Sense: 1 st 2 nd Ends: Fasciculus Cuneatus & Gracilis Cerebellum Pons Midbrain Thalamus Medulla Oblongata Spinal Cord 1 st 3 rd

22. Tracts … f. Motor = Descending (pp. 601-603 ) i) Corticospinal (Pyramidal) Function: Starts: Pyramidal Cells White Matter of Cortex Internal Capsule Medulla: Decussate: Spinal Cord: Direct Pathway Fasciculus Cuneatus & Gracilis Corticospinal Lateral & Ventral Spinothalmic, Lateral & Ventral Spinocerebellar Primary motor cortex Cerebral peduncle Midbrain Cerebellum Cerebrum Pons Pyramidal cells (upper motor neurons) Pyramidal (lateral and ventral corticospinal) pathways

23. ii) Others: Extrapyramidal Tracts (text pp. 603-604)

24. D. Functions of the Spinal Cord … 2. Spinal Reflexes (OpenStax Text pp. 604-605) Reflexes: Withdrawal Reflexes Stretch Reflexes

25. Withdrawl– Flexor Reflex Function: Sensory neuron: Interneuron: Motor neuron Crossed-Flexor Reflex: © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Stretch Reflex © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Function: Sensory Neuron: Muscle Neuron: Antagonistic muscle: Example: Patellar knee-jerk reflex Keeps knees from buckling when standing for posture

27. E. Spinal Cord Trauma and Disorders– Functional losses Parasthesias Paralysis Flaccid paralysis— Spastic paralysis –

28. END To BRAIN PPT