1. GROUP 2 DNA TO PROTEIN

2. 9.1 RICIN AND YOUR RIBOSOMES

3.  RICIN IS A NATURALLY OCCURRING PROTEIN THAT IS HIGHLY TOXIC.

4.  RICINUS COMMUNIS the castor oil plant, is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.

5.  BOTULINUM TOXIN is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium clostridium botullinum and related species.

6.  TETANUS TOXIN is one of the three most poisonous substances known, the other two being the toxins of botulism and diphtheria

7. 9.2 THE NATURE OF GENETIC INFORMATION

8.  GENE A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.

9.  TRANSCRIPTION is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

10.  RIBOSOMAL RNA A part of RNA that becomes part of ribosomes.

11.  TRANSFER RNA is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the nucleotide sequence of nucleicacids (DNA and RNA) and the amino acid sequence of proteins.

12.  MESSENGER RNA is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

13.  TRANSLATION is the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins.

14.  GENE EXPRESSION Process by which the information in a gene becomes converted to an RNA or protein product.

15. 9.3 TRANSCRIPTION

16.  RNA POLYMERASE is an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. In cells, RNAP is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription.

17.  PROMOTER is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, on the same strand and upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand).

18.  POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS refers to the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein biosynthesis. Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes translating mRNA into polypeptide chains, which may then undergo PTM to form the mature protein product.

19.  INTRON is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product.

20.  EXON is any nucleotide sequence encoded by a gene that remains present within the final mature RNA product of that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.

21.  ALTERNATIVE SPLICING is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.

22. 9.4 RNA AND THE GENETIC CODE

23.  CODON is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

24.  GENETIC CODE  is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.

25. 9.5 TRANSLATING THE CODE: RNA TO PROTEIN

26.  TRANSLATION is the process in which cellular ribosomes create proteins.

27. 9.6 MUTATED GENES AND THEIR PROTEIN PRODUCTS

28.  DELETION Mutation in which one or more base pairs are lost.

29.  INSERTION Mutation in which one or more base pairs become inserted into DNA.

30.  BASE PAIR SUBSTITUTION Types of mutation in which a single base pair changes.

31.  TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT Segment of DNA that can spontaneously move to a new location in a chromosome.

32. THANK YOU