1. ANIMAL CHARACTERISTICS

2. Common characteristics to all animals Eukaryotic Multicellular Ability to move ( most striking characteric) Heterotrophs tissues Lack cell walls Ingest their food Diploid Reproduce sexually Adult animals are fixed in size and shape.

3. Obtaining food Some animals move from place to place in an active search for food.

4. Some animals remain stationary and are adapted to capture food from the water in which they live.

5. The animals environment determines how quickly an animal moves. Water is more dense and contains less oxygen than air, but It contains more suspended food. Stationary animals do not have to expend much energy to obtain food.

6. Land animals live in an environment where there is little suspended food in the air. Animals must expend more energy to obtain food.

7. Some aquatic animals move about only during the early stages of their lives. They hatch from eggs into free-swimming larval forms. As adults, they attach themselves to rocks or other objects. Sessile

8. Vertebrates / Invertebrates Animals can be separated into 2 major divisions –Invertebrate –Vertebrate

9. TERMS TO DEFINE Organ Organ system

10. Development of Animals Fertilization Zygote Cleavage Embryo

11. EMBRYONIC LAYERS

12. Blastula

13. GASTRULA Gastrula –Ectoderm –Endoderm

14. Mesoderm

15. Continued development Protostome Deuterostome Why is this information important to know.

16. Phylogeny definition

17. Sea urchin and fish. How are they related.

18. BODY PLANS ONE WAY TO CLASSIFY ANIMALS IS BY THEIR TYPE OF BODY PLAN

19. 19 ANIMAL BODY PLANS Body plans are based on the lifestyle of the animal (form follows function). More active animals have a different symmetry than stationary (sessile) ones A few animals have no symmetry

20. BODY PLANS Symmetry –Asymmetry –Radial symmetry –Bilateral symmetry

21. Asymmetry Definition: no symmetry –usually sessile organisms –ex. Sponges

22. 22 ASYMMETRY

23. Radial symmetry definition –Special adaptation that enables the animal to detect and capture prey coming toward it from any direction.

24. Radial: No head or tail, but an oral and aboral end with sense structures evenly distributed around the animal. An imaginary plane at any point through the central axis would divide the animal into mirror images. Seen in animals that are sessile or free- floating, like sea anemones and jellyfish

25. 25 RADIAL SYMMETRY

26. Bilateral symmetry Definition Can be divided only along 1 plane These animals can find food and mates and avoid predators because they have sensory organs, and good muscular control Cephalization

27. SYMMETRY, Cont. Bilateral symmetry: Most animal phyla, beginning with the flatworms. These animals have a top & bottom; right & left; and anterior & posterior regions. Bilateral symmetry is designed for animals that crawl, swim, etc., in a determined direction. Have sense organs at one end and structures for elimination at the other end

28. 28

29. Terms associated with bilateral symmetrical animals Anterior Posterior Dorsal ventral

30. DORSAL VENTRAL LATERAL ORIENTATION TERMS DORSAL ANTERIORPOSTERIOR VENTRAL

31. 31 SUPERIOR INFERIOR SUPERIOR INFERIOR

32. DIPLOBLASTIC ORGANIZATION –Two embryonic tissue layers: –Ectoderm: gives rise to the outer layer of the body wall, the epidermis Endoderm: gives rise to the layer that lines the gut cavity, the gastrodermis Mesoglea: an additional jelly-like, noncellular layer between the ectoderm and endoderm

33. 33

34. THE COELOM Triploblastic animals are divided into three groups depending on whether or not they have a coelom and, if so, how it was formed. A coelom is a body cavity that is a fluid-filled space between the gut and outer body wall

35. Other characteristics of bilateral symmetric animals Develop from 3 embryonic cell layers Have body cavities Body cavity –Body Cavity: a fluid-containing space between the digestive tract and the body wall.

36. TRIPLOBLASTIC ORGANIZATION These animals have tissues derived from three embryonic (germ) layers They have a mesoderm between the ectoderm and endoderm. The mesoderm gives rise to blood cells and to other tissues

37. THREE CATEGORIES

38. 1 st body cavity Acoelomate - no body cavity solid-bodied animal lacking a cavity between the gut and outer body wall.

39. http://siera104.com/bio/flatworms.html

40. Photographer: Ken Knezick

41. 2 nd BODY CAVITY Pseudocoelom – Pseudocoelomate: an animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm.

43. http://www.wereondoodie.com/images/round-worm.jpg Lives in the intestine of humans

44. 3 rd Body cavity Coelom: a body cavity completely lined with mesoderm. Coelomate: animal that possesses a true coelom (fluid- filled body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm).

46. The evolution of the body cavity was important because the increasing complexity of animal form and function during evolution of animals can be directly linked to the evolution of ever-more-sophisticated body cavities.

47. Advantages of Coelom The evolution of the coelom was a crucial step in the history of the Animalia. The presence of a secondary body cavity, and the acquisition of the tube-within-a-tube body plan, was critical for the evolution of increasing size and complexity within the animal kingdom

48. The evolution of the coelom permits the internal organs to grow, change shape, and shift in position. The coelom provides not only space but also protection for complex organ systems, because the fluid-filled environment helps to shield the internal organs from injury.

49. This increase in efficiency in both digestion and circulation allows for the support of larger body sizes and increased metabolic rates, both of which are prominent features in the evolution of the Animalia.

50. 50

51. BODY INNOVATIONS Segmentation Jointed appendages

52. Endoskeletons / exoskeletons Function for all skeletons –Protects interior –Provides places for muscle attachment

53. Exoskeleton –Protects from predators –Prevents water loss –Limits growth ( must be shed) –

54. Endoskeleton Internal skeleton Provides support to inside of animal’s body Made of calcium carbonate or cartilage Fact that muscles were attached to internal bones lead to truly large animals Members of phylum Chordata are characterized by a flexible rod that develops along the back.

55. Animal Kingdom 35 phylum

56. Major phylum to study –Porifera (sponges) –Cnidarians –Flatworms –Roundworms –Mollusca –Annelida –Arthropoda –Echinodermata –chrodata

57. activity Sort cards by characteristics Make notes based on your assortment