1. Question of the Day Of the following, which is the best example of a point source of water pollution? Factory effluent Storm water Acid precipitation Agricultural runoff Residential pesticide runoff

2. Water Pollution

3. Objectives Distinguish between Point and Non Point Pollution Distinguish between Point and Non Point Pollution Identify way in which human waste water causes water pollution Identify way in which human waste water causes water pollution Evaluate technologies for treating wastewater Evaluate technologies for treating wastewater Identify the major types of pollutants that pose serious hazards to humans and the environment Identify the major types of pollutants that pose serious hazards to humans and the environment Discusss the impacts of oil spill and their remidiation Discusss the impacts of oil spill and their remidiation Identify nonchemical pollutants Identify nonchemical pollutants Explain connections among industrialization, affluence, and water pollution legislation. Explain connections among industrialization, affluence, and water pollution legislation.

4. Water Pollution Sources

5. WATER POLLUTION: SOURCES, TYPES, AND EFFECTS Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses. Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses. Point source: specific location (drain pipes, ditches, sewer lines). Point source: specific location (drain pipes, ditches, sewer lines). Nonpoint source: cannot be traced to a single site of discharge (atmospheric deposition, agricultural / industrial / residential runoff) Nonpoint source: cannot be traced to a single site of discharge (atmospheric deposition, agricultural / industrial / residential runoff)

6. Point and Non-Point Pollution

7. Point Source Pollution Water pollution that can be traced to a specific spot (such as a factory or sewage treatment plant) because it is discharged into the environment through pipes, sewers or ditches. Water pollution that can be traced to a specific spot (such as a factory or sewage treatment plant) because it is discharged into the environment through pipes, sewers or ditches.

8. Non-Point Source Pollution Pollutants that enter bodies of water over large areas rather than being concentrated at a single point of entry. Pollutants that enter bodies of water over large areas rather than being concentrated at a single point of entry. Ex. Agricultural fertilizer runoff and sediments from construction. Ex. Agricultural fertilizer runoff and sediments from construction.

9. Agriculture Fertilizers, animal wastes, etc. Fertilizers, animal wastes, etc. Sources of Pollution Sewage, fertilizers, dumping into drainage ditches, etc. Sewage, fertilizers, dumping into drainage ditches, etc. Municipal Waste Industrial Waste Chemicals left over from manufacturing, waste products, etc. Chemicals left over from manufacturing, waste products, etc.

10. Categories of Water Pollutants

11. Best Management Practices (BMP’s) Techniques to Reduce Water Pollution Techniques to Reduce Water Pollution AgricultureUrban Animal Waste ManagementFlood water storage Conservation TillagePorous pavements Contour FarmingRunoff detention and retention Strip-croppingStreet Cleaning Cover cropsDevices for Infiltration Fertilizer ManagementSediment Traps Integrated Pest Management Water Diversion

12. Best Management Practices

13. Human Waste Water

14. Causes Release of waste water: Release of waste water: Grey Water Grey Water Soaps and detergents Soaps and detergents Toilet Water Toilet Water Drains or sewers (toilets, washing machines, and showers) Drains or sewers (toilets, washing machines, and showers) Include human wastes (Sewage) Include human wastes (Sewage).

15. Health Effects Oxygen – dissolved oxygen is needed by organisms, like fish, but when sewage enters an aquatic ecosystem, the micro-organisms bloom, leaving less oxygen for the fish, etc., and then they die Oxygen – dissolved oxygen is needed by organisms, like fish, but when sewage enters an aquatic ecosystem, the micro-organisms bloom, leaving less oxygen for the fish, etc., and then they die Sewage carries disease- causing agents. Sewage carries disease- causing agents.

16. Oxygen Demanding Waste Organic material (waste) in water Organic material (waste) in water Feeds bacterial growth Feeds bacterial growth Growth requires more oxygen Growth requires more oxygen Dissolved O 2 levels drop Dissolved O 2 levels drop

17. Oxygen Demanding Waste Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)- The amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a period of time at a specific temperature Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)- The amount of oxygen a quantity of water uses over a period of time at a specific temperature

18. BOD Levels Lower BOD Lower BOD Water is less polluted by wastewater Water is less polluted by wastewater Ex. BOD of 5 to 20 mg of oxygen Ex. BOD of 5 to 20 mg of oxygen From decomposition of leaves, twigs, etc. From decomposition of leaves, twigs, etc. Higher BOD Higher BOD Water is more polluted by wastewater Water is more polluted by wastewater Ex. BOD of 200 mg of oxygen Ex. BOD of 200 mg of oxygen

19. Pathogens Infectious organisms that cause disease. Infectious organisms that cause disease. Disease-Causing Agents

20. Environmental Effects Municipal wastewater contains bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasitic worms, and other infectious agents that cause human or animal diseases. Municipal wastewater contains bacteria, viruses, protozoa, parasitic worms, and other infectious agents that cause human or animal diseases. Causes Comes from the wastes of infected individuals. Comes from the wastes of infected individuals.

21. Table 21-2, p. 495

22. Disease Causing Organisms Pathogens Pathogens Disease causing organisms (Virus, Bacteria, Protazoa) Disease causing organisms (Virus, Bacteria, Protazoa) Water Bourne Diseases Water Bourne Diseases Cholera (Vibro cholerae) Cholera (Vibro cholerae) Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhi) Typhoid Fever (Salmonella typhi) Dysentery (Shigella species) Dysentery (Shigella species) Diarrhea(E. Coli, C. parvum) Diarrhea(E. Coli, C. parvum) Hepatitis (Hepatitis A virus) Hepatitis (Hepatitis A virus) Salmonellosis (Salmonella species) Salmonellosis (Salmonella species)

23. Using Pathogens as Indicators Indicator Species Indicator Species A species that indicated the presence of disease causing pathogens A species that indicated the presence of disease causing pathogens Fecal Coliform Bacteria Test Fecal Coliform Bacteria Test Indicator for potentially harmful water Indicator for potentially harmful water Found in the intestines of humans and mammals Found in the intestines of humans and mammals Ex. Escherichia coli (E. Coli) Ex. Escherichia coli (E. Coli) Indicates that human waste is in the water. Indicates that human waste is in the water.

24. Case Study: India’s Ganges River: Religion, Poverty, and Health Daily, more than 1 million Hindus in India bathe, drink from, or carry out religious ceremonies in the highly polluted Ganges River. Daily, more than 1 million Hindus in India bathe, drink from, or carry out religious ceremonies in the highly polluted Ganges River. Figure 21-6

25. Case Study: India’s Ganges River: Religion, Poverty, and Health Religious beliefs, cultural traditions, poverty, and a large population interact to cause severe pollution of the Ganges River in India. Religious beliefs, cultural traditions, poverty, and a large population interact to cause severe pollution of the Ganges River in India. Very little of the sewage is treated. Very little of the sewage is treated. Hindu believe in cremating the dead to free the soul and throwing the ashes in the holy Ganges. Hindu believe in cremating the dead to free the soul and throwing the ashes in the holy Ganges. Some are too poor to afford the wood to fully cremate. Some are too poor to afford the wood to fully cremate. Decomposing bodies promote disease and depletes DO. Decomposing bodies promote disease and depletes DO.

26. Eutrophication

27. Chemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorus that stimulate the growth of plants and algae.. Chemicals such as nitrogen and phosphorus that stimulate the growth of plants and algae.. Inorganic Plant and Algal Nutrients

28. Causes Nitrates and phosphates come from sources such as human and animal wastes, plant residues, atmospheric deposition and residential land. Nitrates and phosphates come from sources such as human and animal wastes, plant residues, atmospheric deposition and residential land.

29. Environmental Effects Enrichment – the fertilization of a body of water, caused by the presence of high levels of plants and algal nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus Enrichment – the fertilization of a body of water, caused by the presence of high levels of plants and algal nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus

30. Eutrophication Eutrophication: the natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake, estuary or slow moving stream, mostly from runoff of plant nutrients from the surrounding land. Eutrophication: the natural nutrient enrichment of a shallow lake, estuary or slow moving stream, mostly from runoff of plant nutrients from the surrounding land. Cultural eutrophication: human activities accelerate the input of plant nutrients (mostly nitrate- and phosphate-containing effluents) to a lake. Cultural eutrophication: human activities accelerate the input of plant nutrients (mostly nitrate- and phosphate-containing effluents) to a lake. 85% of large lakes near major population centers in the U.S. have some degree of cultural eutrophication. 85% of large lakes near major population centers in the U.S. have some degree of cultural eutrophication.

31. Eutrophication vs Cultural Eutripication

32. Dead Zones Dead zones and Anoxia Oxygen levels drop too low to support life Fish and other organisms die or move out of the area Water conditions become Anoxic Seasonal changes in size due to the season Ex. Gulf of Mexico deadzone

33. The Gulf of Mexico & Hypoxia

34. Definition The enrichment of a lake or pond by inorganic plant and algal nutrients such as phosphorus. The enrichment of a lake or pond by inorganic plant and algal nutrients such as phosphorus.Eutrophication Because this gets into our water supply from runoff, etc., and is something that is not normally in the water, it is considered pollution. Because this gets into our water supply from runoff, etc., and is something that is not normally in the water, it is considered pollution. Relation to Pollution

35. Cause/Effect of Eutrophication Fertilizers, erosion, sewage, etc. get into water and the effect is high photosynthetic productivity. Fertilizers, erosion, sewage, etc. get into water and the effect is high photosynthetic productivity. Thus, the water is cloudy and usually resembles pea soup because of the algae and cyanobacteria that are supported by the nutrients. Thus, the water is cloudy and usually resembles pea soup because of the algae and cyanobacteria that are supported by the nutrients.

36. Environmental Effects Inorganic plant and algal nutrients encourage excessive growth of algal and aquatic plants. This causes problems, including enrichment and bad odor. Inorganic plant and algal nutrients encourage excessive growth of algal and aquatic plants. This causes problems, including enrichment and bad odor.

37. Chesapeake Bay & Hypoxia

38. Freshwater Pollution

39. POLLUTION OF FRESHWATER STREAMS Flowing streams can recover from a moderate level of degradable water pollutants if they are not overloaded and their flows are not reduced. Flowing streams can recover from a moderate level of degradable water pollutants if they are not overloaded and their flows are not reduced. In a flowing stream, the breakdown of degradable wastes by bacteria depletes DO and creates and oxygen sag curve. In a flowing stream, the breakdown of degradable wastes by bacteria depletes DO and creates and oxygen sag curve. This reduces or eliminates populations of organisms with high oxygen requirements. This reduces or eliminates populations of organisms with high oxygen requirements.

40. Major Water Pollutants and Their Effects Water quality and dissolved oxygen (DO) content in parts per million (ppm) at 20°C. Water quality and dissolved oxygen (DO) content in parts per million (ppm) at 20°C. Only a few fish species can survive in water less than 4ppm at 20°C. Only a few fish species can survive in water less than 4ppm at 20°C. Figure 21-3

41. Water Pollution Problems in Streams Dilution and decay of degradable, oxygen-demanding wastes and heat in a stream. Dilution and decay of degradable, oxygen-demanding wastes and heat in a stream. Figure 21-4

42. Fig. 21-4, p. 497 8 ppm Biological oxygen demand Dissolved oxygen (ppm) Types of organisms 8 ppm Recovery Zone Septic Zone Decomposition Zone Clean Zone Fish absent, fungi, sludge worms, bacteria (anaerobic) Trash fish (carp, gar, leeches) Clean Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) Clean Zone Trash fish (carp, gar, leeches)

43. POLLUTION OF FRESHWATER STREAMS Most developed countries have sharply reduced point-source pollution but toxic chemicals and pollution from nonpoint sources are still a problem. Most developed countries have sharply reduced point-source pollution but toxic chemicals and pollution from nonpoint sources are still a problem. Stream pollution from discharges of untreated sewage and industrial wastes is a major problem in developing countries. Stream pollution from discharges of untreated sewage and industrial wastes is a major problem in developing countries.

44. POLLUTION OF FRESHWATER LAKES Dilution of pollutants in lakes is less effective than in most streams because most lake water is not mixed well and has little flow. Dilution of pollutants in lakes is less effective than in most streams because most lake water is not mixed well and has little flow. Lakes and reservoirs are often stratified and undergo little mixing. Lakes and reservoirs are often stratified and undergo little mixing. Low flow makes them susceptible to runoff. Low flow makes them susceptible to runoff. Various human activities can overload lakes with plant nutrients, which decrease DO and kill some aquatic species. Various human activities can overload lakes with plant nutrients, which decrease DO and kill some aquatic species.

45. Question of the Day In a river ecosystem, dissolved oxygen concentrations drop quickly downstream from a point-source input of organic matter into the river. This effect is due to In a river ecosystem, dissolved oxygen concentrations drop quickly downstream from a point-source input of organic matter into the river. This effect is due to Increasing populations of mayfly and stonefly larvae Increasing populations of mayfly and stonefly larvae Increasing activity of trout and black bass Increasing activity of trout and black bass Increasing bacterial activity as organic matter decays Increasing bacterial activity as organic matter decays Decreasing bacterial activity as turbidity increases Decreasing bacterial activity as turbidity increases Decreasing water temperature as surface evaporation increases Decreasing water temperature as surface evaporation increases

46. Treating Wastewater

47. Septic Systems Used in rural areas Septic Tank Receives wastewater from the house Waste that floats forms a scum layer Waste that sink form the sludge layer Waste in the middle is fairly clear and is called septage Septage is allowed to flow through perforated pipes percolates beneath a leach field

48. Septic Systems Advantages Relies on gravity not electricity Disadvantages Sludge must periodically be pumped out Backups can be messy Tree roots can destroy systems

49. Septic Tank System Figure 21-15

50. Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants Used in More Urban Areas Used in More Urban Areas Pipes and sewers move untreated wastewater (raw sewage) to the plant Pipes and sewers move untreated wastewater (raw sewage) to the plant Levels of Treatment Levels of Treatment Primary-mechanical Primary-mechanical Secondary-biological or chemical Secondary-biological or chemical Tertiary (Not Used in All Plants) Tertiary (Not Used in All Plants)

51. Sewage Treatment Process

52. Reducing Water Pollution through Sewage Treatment Primary and Secondary sewage treatment. Primary and Secondary sewage treatment. Figure 21-16

53. Reducing Water Pollution through Sewage Treatment Raw sewage reaching a municipal sewage treatment plant typically undergoes: Raw sewage reaching a municipal sewage treatment plant typically undergoes: Primary sewage treatment: a physical process that uses screens and a grit tank to remove large floating objects and allows settling. Primary sewage treatment: a physical process that uses screens and a grit tank to remove large floating objects and allows settling. Secondary sewage treatment: a biological process in which aerobic bacteria remove as much as 90% of dissolved and biodegradable, oxygen demanding organic wastes. Secondary sewage treatment: a biological process in which aerobic bacteria remove as much as 90% of dissolved and biodegradable, oxygen demanding organic wastes.

54. Primary Removes suspended and floating particles, such as sand and silt, by mechanical processes such as screening and gravitational settling. The solid material that is settled out is called primary sludge. Removes suspended and floating particles, such as sand and silt, by mechanical processes such as screening and gravitational settling. The solid material that is settled out is called primary sludge. Bar screens, grit chambers, primary clarifiers, digesters and pre-aeration

55. Secondary Uses microorganisms to decompose the suspended organic material in wastewater. Uses microorganisms to decompose the suspended organic material in wastewater. Ex. trickling filters – where wastewater trickles through aerated rock beds that contain bacteria and other microorganisms, which degrade the organic material in the water. Ex. trickling filters – where wastewater trickles through aerated rock beds that contain bacteria and other microorganisms, which degrade the organic material in the water.

56. Secondary (Cont.) Activated sludge process – wastewater is aerated and circulated through bacteria- rich particles; the bacteria degrade suspended organic material. After several hours, the particles and microorganisms are allowed to settle out, forming secondary sludge. Activated sludge process – wastewater is aerated and circulated through bacteria- rich particles; the bacteria degrade suspended organic material. After several hours, the particles and microorganisms are allowed to settle out, forming secondary sludge. Use aeration basins, settling tanks and sand filters Use aeration basins, settling tanks and sand filters

57. Tertiary This includes a variety of biological, chemical and physical processes used to remove phosphorus and nitrogen, the nutrients most commonly associated with enrichment. Tertiary treatment can also be used to purify wastewater so that it can be reused in communities where water is scarce. This includes a variety of biological, chemical and physical processes used to remove phosphorus and nitrogen, the nutrients most commonly associated with enrichment. Tertiary treatment can also be used to purify wastewater so that it can be reused in communities where water is scarce. Use chlorine as a disinfection and then chlorine is removed by SO2 so it can be released into river. Use chlorine as a disinfection and then chlorine is removed by SO2 so it can be released into river.

58. Tertiary (Cont) Advanced or tertiary sewage treatment: Advanced or tertiary sewage treatment: Uses series of chemical and physical processes to remove specific pollutants left (especially nitrates and phosphates). Uses series of chemical and physical processes to remove specific pollutants left (especially nitrates and phosphates). Water is chlorinated to remove coloration and to kill disease-carrying bacteria and some viruses (disinfect). Water is chlorinated to remove coloration and to kill disease-carrying bacteria and some viruses (disinfect).

59. Wastewater Treatment

60. Reducing Water Pollution through Sewage Treatment Sewage sludge can be used as a soil conditioner but this can cause health problems if it contains infectious bacteria and toxic chemicals. Sewage sludge can be used as a soil conditioner but this can cause health problems if it contains infectious bacteria and toxic chemicals. Preventing toxic chemicals from reaching sewage treatment plants would eliminate such chemicals from the sludge and water discharged from such plants. Preventing toxic chemicals from reaching sewage treatment plants would eliminate such chemicals from the sludge and water discharged from such plants.

61. Manure Lagoons Manure lagoons are large, human-made ponds lined with rubber to prevent the manure from leaking into the groundwater. Manure lagoons are large, human-made ponds lined with rubber to prevent the manure from leaking into the groundwater. Manure lagoons Manure lagoons After the manure has been broken down by bacteria—the same process that occurs in sewage treatment plants After the manure has been broken down by bacteria—the same process that occurs in sewage treatment plants —the manure can be spread onto farm fields to serve as a fertilizer. —the manure can be spread onto farm fields to serve as a fertilizer. Risks: Liner leaks contaminating ground water, possible overflow, fertilizer spray can also run off into other ecosystems Risks: Liner leaks contaminating ground water, possible overflow, fertilizer spray can also run off into other ecosystems

62. Animal Feedlots/Manure Lagoons Treating and Storing Animal Waste Treating and Storing Animal Waste Cattle, pigs, chickens Cattle, pigs, chickens Thousands of animals raised for food produce a lot of wastes Thousands of animals raised for food produce a lot of wastes Drawbacks Drawbacks Lagoon leaking into the ground water or adjacent bodies of water Lagoon leaking into the ground water or adjacent bodies of water Sewage overflow Sewage overflow Possible failures in lagoon walls Possible failures in lagoon walls

63. Manure Lagoons

64. Do the Math Concentrated animal feeding operations typically use manure lagoons to hold the manure produced by the cattle that are being held. Concentrated animal feeding operations typically use manure lagoons to hold the manure produced by the cattle that are being held. If an individual animal produces 53 L of manure each day and the average concentrated animal feeding operation holds 900 cattle on any given day, how much manure is produced each day? If an individual animal produces 53 L of manure each day and the average concentrated animal feeding operation holds 900 cattle on any given day, how much manure is produced each day?

65. Do the Math If a manure lagoon needs to hold 30 days’ worth of manure production, what is the minimum capacity of the lagoon? If a manure lagoon needs to hold 30 days’ worth of manure production, what is the minimum capacity of the lagoon? After the manure has broken down, you need to spread the manure onto farm fields. A modern manure spreader can hold 40,000 L of liquid manure. How many trips will it take for the manure spreader to remove the 30 days’ worth of manure that is held in the manure lagoon? After the manure has broken down, you need to spread the manure onto farm fields. A modern manure spreader can hold 40,000 L of liquid manure. How many trips will it take for the manure spreader to remove the 30 days’ worth of manure that is held in the manure lagoon?

66. Alternative Sewage Treatments Bioremediation-Natural and artificial wetlands and other ecological systems can be used to treat sewage. Bioremediation-Natural and artificial wetlands and other ecological systems can be used to treat sewage. Ex. California created a 65 hectare wetland near Humboldt Bay that acts as a natural wastewater treatment plant for the town of 16,000 people. Ex. California created a 65 hectare wetland near Humboldt Bay that acts as a natural wastewater treatment plant for the town of 16,000 people. The project cost less than half of the estimated price of a conventional treatment plant. The project cost less than half of the estimated price of a conventional treatment plant.

67. Recycling Wastewater

68. Core Case Study: Using Nature to Purify Sewage Ecological wastewater purification by a living machine. Ecological wastewater purification by a living machine. Phytoremediation- Uses the sun and a series of tanks containing plants, snails, zooplankton, crayfish, and fish (that can be eaten or sold for bait). Phytoremediation- Uses the sun and a series of tanks containing plants, snails, zooplankton, crayfish, and fish (that can be eaten or sold for bait). Figure 21-1

69. Question of the Day The graph shows the effect of sewage on biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) in a flowing stream. The smallest fish populations will most probably be found at point A B C D E

70. Measures of Water Quality

71. Chemical Tests conducted on water leaving treatment facilities Chemical Tests conducted on water leaving treatment facilities Dissolved Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen The amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure. The amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure. Specific Water Quality Measures

72. Carbon Dioxide Enters aquatic systems from the atmosphere and from respiration by animals. Enters aquatic systems from the atmosphere and from respiration by animals. The concentration of CO2 varies at different depths because of light/photosynthesis. The concentration of CO2 varies at different depths because of light/photosynthesis.

73. Nitrate Contaminates shallow groundwater (100 feet or less) and usually comes from fertilizers Contaminates shallow groundwater (100 feet or less) and usually comes from fertilizers A concern in rural areas where 80-90% of the residents use shallow groundwater for drinking. A concern in rural areas where 80-90% of the residents use shallow groundwater for drinking. Harms humans because it reduces the blood’s ability to transport oxygen. Harms humans because it reduces the blood’s ability to transport oxygen.

74. Sulfate Problem because too much can kill fish. Problem because too much can kill fish. Gets in water from industrial processes and mining. Gets in water from industrial processes and mining.

75. Iron Causes problems because it separates out of the water and forms particulates (sediment) Causes problems because it separates out of the water and forms particulates (sediment) Tastes bad if it gets in our water Tastes bad if it gets in our water Can coat fish’s gills Can coat fish’s gills Groundwater problems in wells, from natural minerals in rocks. Groundwater problems in wells, from natural minerals in rocks.

76. Phosphate Plant nutrients that cause algae blooms. It comes from detergents, human wastes and fertilizers. Plant nutrients that cause algae blooms. It comes from detergents, human wastes and fertilizers.

77. Coliform Bacteria General group of bacteria from animal or human wastes. General group of bacteria from animal or human wastes. It uses up available oxygen. It uses up available oxygen. Causes e.-coli disease. Causes e.-coli disease.

78. Giardia Organism (protozoa) that can cause diarrhea if you drink unchlorinated water. Organism (protozoa) that can cause diarrhea if you drink unchlorinated water. Natural organism that lives in the guts of animals. Natural organism that lives in the guts of animals.

79. Chloride Part of salts, but too many can cause too much salt in the water. Part of salts, but too many can cause too much salt in the water. Too much is bad; a little is okay. Too much is bad; a little is okay. Naturally found in water, but can come from pollution. Naturally found in water, but can come from pollution.

80. pH Too high/too low can be bad; fish like 6.5-9.5 Too high/too low can be bad; fish like 6.5-9.5 Acid mine drainage can kill fish. Acid mine drainage can kill fish.

81. Hardness Calcium and magnesium dissolved in the water. Calcium and magnesium dissolved in the water. A little is good (50-400 ppm for fish is good), but very low or high is a problem. A little is good (50-400 ppm for fish is good), but very low or high is a problem. Low is more of a problem. Low is more of a problem. Affects fish eggs, poor bone development. Affects fish eggs, poor bone development.

82. Turbidity Cloudiness/muddiness; blocks the light; coats fish gills. Cloudiness/muddiness; blocks the light; coats fish gills.

83. Water Bourne Threats to Human Health

84. Lead Lead is a heavy metal that poses a serious health threat. Lead is a heavy metal that poses a serious health threat. Enters water through: lead-lined pipes, lead containing soder, paint, and brass fittings with lead. Enters water through: lead-lined pipes, lead containing soder, paint, and brass fittings with lead. Fetuses and infants are the most sensitive to lead, and exposure can damage the brain, nervous system, and kidneys Fetuses and infants are the most sensitive to lead, and exposure can damage the brain, nervous system, and kidneys

85. Arsenic Naturally occurring Naturally occurring Human activity increases arsenic concentrations Human activity increases arsenic concentrations Mining, Drilling, Wood Preservatives Mining, Drilling, Wood Preservatives Removed by Filtration & Reverse Osmosis Removed by Filtration & Reverse Osmosis Can cause cancer of the skin, lungs, kidneys, and bladder Can cause cancer of the skin, lungs, kidneys, and bladder In concentrations of just 50 micrograms In concentrations of just 50 micrograms

86. Arsinec

87. Case Study: Arsenic in Groundwater - a Natural Threat Toxic Arsenic (As) can naturally occur at high levels in soil and rocks. Toxic Arsenic (As) can naturally occur at high levels in soil and rocks. Drilling into aquifers can release As into drinking water supplies. Drilling into aquifers can release As into drinking water supplies. According to WHO, more than 112 million people are drinking water with As levels 5- 100 times the 10 ppb standard. According to WHO, more than 112 million people are drinking water with As levels 5- 100 times the 10 ppb standard. Mostly in Bangladesh, China, and West Bengal, India. Mostly in Bangladesh, China, and West Bengal, India.

88. Mercury Heavy metal Released by Human Activity Burning Fossil Fuels (Coal), garbage incineration, hazardous waste, medical and dental supplies, manufacturing cement Bacteria convert inorganic mercury to methlymercury Highly toxic Eating contaminated fish or shell fish Damages the nervous system

89. Environmental Effects Mercury poisoning occurs by eating contaminated fish. Mercury poisoning occurs by eating contaminated fish.

90. Contaminants in Fish (from TWRA) Water BodyPollutantComments Loosahatchie RiverChlordane, other Organics, Mercury Do Not Eat the Fish McKellar LakeChlordane, other Organics, Mercury Do Not Eat the Fish Mississippi RiverChlordane, other Organics Mercury Do Not Eat the Fish, Commercial Fishing banned by TWRA Nonconnah CreekChlordane, other Organics Do Not Eat the Fish, Advisory ends at Horn Lake Road Bridge Wolf RiverChlordane, other Organics, Mercury Do Not Eat the Fish Cypress CreekChlordane, Other Pesticides, PCBs Do Not Eat the Fish

91. Acid Deposition From Burning Fossil Fuels From Burning Fossil Fuels Releases Sulfur Dioxide & Nitrogen Dioxide Releases Sulfur Dioxide & Nitrogen Dioxide Returns to Earth as acid rain or snow. Returns to Earth as acid rain or snow. pH values lower than 5 are lethal to many organisms pH values lower than 5 are lethal to many organisms Coal Scrubbers – limit SO 2 NO 2 emissions Coal Scrubbers – limit SO 2 NO 2 emissions

92. Acid Mine Drainage Rain and groundwater infiltrate mines Rain and groundwater infiltrate mines Water combines with rock pyrite to produce Hydrogen ions (H+) Water combines with rock pyrite to produce Hydrogen ions (H+) The low pH increases the solubility of metal ions The low pH increases the solubility of metal ions Drainage water characteristics Drainage water characteristics Highly Acidic (low pH value) Highly Acidic (low pH value) Contains large amount of metal ions Contains large amount of metal ions Iron ions cause a red or yellow color Iron ions cause a red or yellow color

93. Synthetic Organic Compounds Includes: Includes: Pesticides & Inert Ingredients Pesticides & Inert Ingredients Pharmaceuticals and Hormones Pharmaceuticals and Hormones Military Compounds Military Compounds Industrial Compounds Industrial Compounds

94. Pesticides and Inert Ingredients Affect a wide range of species (nonspecific) Affect a wide range of species (nonspecific) Alter physiological functions of other species Alter physiological functions of other species Ex. DDT and bird egg shells Ex. DDT and bird egg shells Inert Ingredients Inert Ingredients Additives can be toxic Additives can be toxic Ex. Roundup additives are toxic to amphibians Ex. Roundup additives are toxic to amphibians

95. Pharmaceuticals and Hormones 50% of all streams contains antibiotics and reproductive hormones 50% of all streams contains antibiotics and reproductive hormones 80% contained nonprescription drugs 80% contained nonprescription drugs 90% contained steroids 90% contained steroids Endocrine disruptors- mimic estrogen Endocrine disruptors- mimic estrogen Can cause changes in sex Can cause changes in sex Development of female characteristics in male frogs Development of female characteristics in male frogs Ex. Atrazine Ex. Atrazine

96. Military Compounds Perchlorates Perchlorates Used in Rocket and Jet Fuels Used in Rocket and Jet Fuels Persists in soil and water for years Persists in soil and water for years Cause thyroid damage and inhibit hormone production Cause thyroid damage and inhibit hormone production

97. Industrial Compounds Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Used in plastics and insulation till 1979 Used in plastics and insulation till 1979 Long term persistence in the environment Long term persistence in the environment Carcinogenic and lethal if ingested Carcinogenic and lethal if ingested Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) Use as flame retardants Use as flame retardants Exposure causes brain damage Exposure causes brain damage Banned in California, Washington State and the EU Banned in California, Washington State and the EU

98. Toxic Chemicals In Water

99. Radioactive Substances Contains atoms of unstable isotopes that spontaneously emit radiation Contains atoms of unstable isotopes that spontaneously emit radiation

100. Causes Radioactive substances get into water from several sources like the mining and processing of radioactive minerals such as uranium and thorium. Radioactive substances get into water from several sources like the mining and processing of radioactive minerals such as uranium and thorium. The nuclear weapons industry use the largest amounts. The nuclear weapons industry use the largest amounts. Medical and scientific research facilities also use them. Medical and scientific research facilities also use them.

101. Health Effects Mutations, birth defects, mental retardation, genetic disease, leukemia, cancer (breast, bone, thyroid, skin, lung), burns, cataracts, male sterility. Mutations, birth defects, mental retardation, genetic disease, leukemia, cancer (breast, bone, thyroid, skin, lung), burns, cataracts, male sterility. Pollutes air, water, and soil Pollutes air, water, and soil

102. POLLUTION OF GROUNDWATER Leaks from a number of sources have contaminated groundwater in parts of the world. Leaks from a number of sources have contaminated groundwater in parts of the world. According the the EPA, one or more organic chemicals contaminate about 45% of municipal groundwater supplies. According the the EPA, one or more organic chemicals contaminate about 45% of municipal groundwater supplies. By 2003, the EPA had completed the cleanup of 297,000 of 436,000 underground tanks leaking gasoline, diesel fuel, home heating oil, or toxic solvents. By 2003, the EPA had completed the cleanup of 297,000 of 436,000 underground tanks leaking gasoline, diesel fuel, home heating oil, or toxic solvents.

103. Question of the Day Which of the following components of a wastewater treatment plant is designed to facilitate the decomposition of organic material by aerobic microorganisms? Which of the following components of a wastewater treatment plant is designed to facilitate the decomposition of organic material by aerobic microorganisms? Bar screen Bar screen Grit-settling tank Grit-settling tank Activated-sludge tank Activated-sludge tank Chlorination tank Chlorination tank Ultraviolet-light array Ultraviolet-light array

104. Eutrophication, DO, & BOD 1. Excess Nitrogen and Phosphorus enter the water 1. Excess Nitrogen and Phosphorus enter the water (Sewage, Detergents, Agriculutural Runnoff) 2. The Increase in nutrients causes an algal bloom 2. The Increase in nutrients causes an algal bloom 3. The algae dies and floats to the bottom of the body of water. 3. The algae dies and floats to the bottom of the body of water. 4. Bacteria decompose the algae. The decompostion uses up the dissolved oxygen (DO). 4. Bacteria decompose the algae. The decompostion uses up the dissolved oxygen (DO). 5. Low DO causes and increase in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 5. Low DO causes and increase in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

105. Fig. 21-4, p. 497 8 ppm Biological oxygen demand Dissolved oxygen (ppm) Types of organisms 8 ppm Recovery Zone Septic Zone Decomposition Zone Clean Zone Fish absent, fungi, sludge worms, bacteria (anaerobic) Trash fish (carp, gar, leeches) Clean Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) Normal clean water organisms (Trout, perch, bass, mayfly, stonefly) Clean Zone Trash fish (carp, gar, leeches)

106. Ocean Pollution

107. Amounts and Sources of Oil Pollution Natural Seeps Natural Seeps In US waters 270,000 liters released each day (47 %) In US waters 270,000 liters released each day (47 %) Ex. Tar balls on Gulf Coast beaches Ex. Tar balls on Gulf Coast beaches Anthropogenic (man-made) causes Anthropogenic (man-made) causes Consumption of Petroleum (38%) Consumption of Petroleum (38%) Transportation of Petroleum (12%) Transportation of Petroleum (12%) Extraction of Petroleum (3%) Extraction of Petroleum (3%)

108. Sources of Oil Pollution

109. Oil Spills When a tanker accident happens, it gets lots of publicity. When a tanker accident happens, it gets lots of publicity. But, more oil is released by normal operation of offshore wells, washing tankers & from pipeline or storage tank leaks. But, more oil is released by normal operation of offshore wells, washing tankers & from pipeline or storage tank leaks. One estimate says that oil companies spill, leak, or waste per year an amount of oil equal to that shipped by 1000 huge Exxon Valdez tankers. One estimate says that oil companies spill, leak, or waste per year an amount of oil equal to that shipped by 1000 huge Exxon Valdez tankers.

110. Oil Spills

111. Famous Oil Spills / Leaks BP DeepWater Horizon 2010 BP DeepWater Horizon 2010 780 million liters of oil released into the Gulf of Mexico 780 million liters of oil released into the Gulf of Mexico Impact on local estuarine environment is unknown Impact on local estuarine environment is unknown Exxon Valdez 1989 Exxon Valdez 1989 Taker spilled 41 million liters of oil into Puget Sound Taker spilled 41 million liters of oil into Puget Sound 20 years later 55,000 liters still remain in sediments 20 years later 55,000 liters still remain in sediments

112. Cleaning Surface Oil Containment Booms Containment Booms Oil is then vacuumed off Oil is then vacuumed off Surface Skimmers Surface Skimmers Application of chemicals Application of chemicals Breaks up oil Breaks up oil Can be toxic to marine life Can be toxic to marine life Transgenic Bacteria Transgenic Bacteria Naturally occurring bacteria Naturally occurring bacteria Consumes oil for energy Consumes oil for energy

113. Cleaning Wildlife Oil coats the feathers of birds (especially diving birds) and the fur of marine animals, destroying the animals’ natural insulation and buoyancy Oil coats the feathers of birds (especially diving birds) and the fur of marine animals, destroying the animals’ natural insulation and buoyancy Must be cleaned by hand Must be cleaned by hand Many drown or die of exposure from loss of body heat. Many drown or die of exposure from loss of body heat.

114. Cleaning other Oil Spills Subsurface Oil Spill / Plumes Subsurface Oil Spill / Plumes Large amounts of oil floating underneath the surface Large amounts of oil floating underneath the surface No agreed upon method No agreed upon method No knowledge of environmental impact No knowledge of environmental impact Shorelines Shorelines High pressure hot water (Rocky Shores) High pressure hot water (Rocky Shores) Removes oil, but also nutrients and organisms Removes oil, but also nutrients and organisms Wave action will remove some oil Wave action will remove some oil Shovels and bulldozers (Sandy Shores) Shovels and bulldozers (Sandy Shores)

115. Other Information Oil is broken down by bacteria over time; slower in cold waters. Oil is broken down by bacteria over time; slower in cold waters. Heavy oil components can smother bottom- dwelling organisms such as crabs, oysters, mussels, and clams, or make them unfit to eat. Heavy oil components can smother bottom- dwelling organisms such as crabs, oysters, mussels, and clams, or make them unfit to eat. Oil spills have killed coral reefs. A recent study showed that diesel oil becomes more toxic to marine life with the passage of time. Oil spills have killed coral reefs. A recent study showed that diesel oil becomes more toxic to marine life with the passage of time.

116. Mechanical Methods Floating booms contain the oil spill or keep it from reaching sensitive areas Floating booms contain the oil spill or keep it from reaching sensitive areas Skimmer boats are used to vacuum up some of the oil into collection barges Skimmer boats are used to vacuum up some of the oil into collection barges Absorbent pads or large feather-filled pillows are used to soak up oil on beaches or in waters that are too shallow for skimmer boats Absorbent pads or large feather-filled pillows are used to soak up oil on beaches or in waters that are too shallow for skimmer boats

117. Chemical Methods Coagulating agents cause floating oil to clump together for easier pickup or sink to the bottom, where it usually does less harm. Coagulating agents cause floating oil to clump together for easier pickup or sink to the bottom, where it usually does less harm. Dispersing agents break up oil slicks. However, these can also damage some types of organisms. Dispersing agents break up oil slicks. However, these can also damage some types of organisms. Fire can also burn off floating oil, but crude oil is hard to ignite. Fire can also burn off floating oil, but crude oil is hard to ignite.

118. BP Spill Oil Clean Up Tech

119. Differences of Opinion Oceans dilute, disperse, and degrade large amounts of raw sewage, sewage sludge, oil, and some types of industrial waste, especially in deep-water areas. Oceans dilute, disperse, and degrade large amounts of raw sewage, sewage sludge, oil, and some types of industrial waste, especially in deep-water areas. Marine life has proved to be more resilient than some scientists expected, some suggest it is safer to dump sludge & other hazardous wastes into the deep ocean than to bury them on land or burn them. Marine life has proved to be more resilient than some scientists expected, some suggest it is safer to dump sludge & other hazardous wastes into the deep ocean than to bury them on land or burn them.

120. Ocean Acidification By-product of the combustion of fossil fuels By-product of the combustion of fossil fuels Carbon Dioxide dissolves from the atmosphere into the ocean Carbon Dioxide dissolves from the atmosphere into the ocean Create carbonic acid dissolves carbonate shell Create carbonic acid dissolves carbonate shell Harms shell fish Harms shell fish Coral Reefs Coral Reefs Soft bodied organisms Soft bodied organisms

121. Ocean Acidification

122. Question of the Day Three common methods employed in the cleanup of oil spills are Aeration of water, skimmer boats, and genetically engineered bacteria Aeration of water, phytoremediation, and genetically engineered bacteria Skimmer boats, high temperature incineration, and phytoremediation Large floating booms, high temperature incineration, and phytoremediation Large floating booms, skimmer boats, and chemical dispersants

123. Non-Chemical Pollution

124. Solid Waste Pollution Garbage Garbage Medical Waste- hypodermic needles other biohazard waste Medical Waste- hypodermic needles other biohazard waste Municipal Solid Waste Municipal Solid Waste Coal ash & Coal Slag Coal ash & Coal Slag Great Pacific Garbage Patch Great Pacific Garbage Patch Large area of plastic garbage Large area of plastic garbage The size of Texas The size of Texas

125. Great Pacific Garbage Patch

126. Definition Excessive amounts of suspended soil particles that eventually settle out and accumulate on the bottom of a body of water. Excessive amounts of suspended soil particles that eventually settle out and accumulate on the bottom of a body of water. Sediment Pollution

127. Increase in sand, silt, clay particles Increase in sand, silt, clay particles 30% naturally occurring 30% naturally occurring 70% human activates 70% human activates Caused by human activities Caused by human activities Construction (Homes, Buildings) Construction (Homes, Buildings) Agricultural fields (plowed) Agricultural fields (plowed) Effects of Sediment Pollution Effects of Sediment Pollution Reduces infiltration of sunlight Reduces infiltration of sunlight Clogs fish gills Clogs fish gills Settlement harms benthos organisms Settlement harms benthos organisms

128. Causes Erosion of agricultural lands, forest soils exposed by logging, degraded stream banks, overgrazed rangelands, strip mines, and construction. Erosion of agricultural lands, forest soils exposed by logging, degraded stream banks, overgrazed rangelands, strip mines, and construction.

129. Environmental Effects Reduces light penetration Reduces light penetration Covers aquatic organisms Covers aquatic organisms Brings insoluble toxic pollutants into the water Brings insoluble toxic pollutants into the water Fills in waterways. Fills in waterways.

130. Health Effects Sediments adversely affect water quality by carrying toxic chemicals. Sediments adversely affect water quality by carrying toxic chemicals. The sediment particles provide surface area to which some insoluble, toxic compounds adhere; when the sediments enter the water, so do toxic chemicals. The sediment particles provide surface area to which some insoluble, toxic compounds adhere; when the sediments enter the water, so do toxic chemicals. Disease-causing agents can also be transported into water via sediments. Disease-causing agents can also be transported into water via sediments.

131. Causes When heated water produced during certain industrial processes is released into waterways. When heated water produced during certain industrial processes is released into waterways. Thermal Pollution

132. Human Activities Increase Water Temperature Human Activities Increase Water Temperature Cold water is removed (industry / power plants) Cold water is removed (industry / power plants) Hot water is returned Hot water is returned Thermal Shock Thermal Shock Drastic change in temperature kills species Drastic change in temperature kills species Less O 2 in the water Less O 2 in the water Increases respiration rate of organisms Increases respiration rate of organisms

133. Noise Pollution Sound travels faster in water Sound travels faster in water Ships, submarines, loud sonar Ships, submarines, loud sonar Produces lots of noise Produces lots of noise Sound Interferes with Organism Sound Interferes with Organism Whale Communication Whale Communication Causes beached whales Causes beached whales Fewer fish in busy commercial shipping areas Fewer fish in busy commercial shipping areas

134. Major Users – United States & global Agricultural users are the biggest by volume, then industrial and municipal. Agricultural users are the biggest by volume, then industrial and municipal. Water Usage

135. Question of the Day In the removal of a pollutant from wastewater, which of the following is true of the cost per unit of pollutant removed? It decreases as the toxicity of the pollutant increases. It decreases as the time passed before remediation increases. It increases as the concentration of the pollutant decreases. It increases as the volume of the wastewater decreases. It does not change over time or with concentration of pollutant.

136. Water Legislation

138. Clean Water Act of 1972 Supports the “protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water” Supports the “protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water” Maintains and Restoring Natural Waters Maintains and Restoring Natural Waters Physical Components Physical Components Chemical Components Chemical Components Biological Components Biological Components Issued Water Quality Standards Issued Water Quality Standards Focused on Surface Water Focused on Surface Water Does not protect Groundwater Does not protect Groundwater

139. Clean Water Act Has two basic goals: Has two basic goals: To eliminate the discharge of pollutants in U.S. waterways To eliminate the discharge of pollutants in U.S. waterways To attain water quality levels that make these waterways safe to fish and swim in. To attain water quality levels that make these waterways safe to fish and swim in.

140. The Clean Water Act

141. Safe Drinking Water Act It required the EPA to determine the maximum contaminant level, the max permissible amount of any pollutant that might adversely affect human health. It required the EPA to determine the maximum contaminant level, the max permissible amount of any pollutant that might adversely affect human health. Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL’s) 77 different chemicals and substances Water Legislation

142. United States Groundwater contamination still occurs, especially due to non-point source pollution, but laws like the Safe Drinking Water Act, Clean Water Act, and Water Quality Act have helped in the U.S. Groundwater contamination still occurs, especially due to non-point source pollution, but laws like the Safe Drinking Water Act, Clean Water Act, and Water Quality Act have helped in the U.S. Water Quality

143. TN Division of Water Resources Tennessee Water Control Act of 1977 Tennessee Water Control Act of 1977 Monitors, analyzes, and report on quality of Tennessee’s water. Monitors, analyzes, and report on quality of Tennessee’s water. Issues Permits for wastewater discharge Issues Permits for wastewater discharge Monitors Legal coal mining and Illegal coal mining Monitors Legal coal mining and Illegal coal mining

144. Global Problems According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 1.4 billion people still do not have access to adequate sanitation systems. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 1.4 billion people still do not have access to adequate sanitation systems. Worldwide, at least 250 million cases of water-related illnesses occur each year, with 5 million or more of these resulting in death. Worldwide, at least 250 million cases of water-related illnesses occur each year, with 5 million or more of these resulting in death.

145. PREVENTING AND REDUCING SURFACE WATER POLLUTION Most developed countries use laws to set water pollution standards, but such laws rarely exist in developing countries. Most developed countries use laws to set water pollution standards, but such laws rarely exist in developing countries. The U.S. Clean Water Act sets standards for allowed levels of key water pollutants and requires polluters to get permits. The U.S. Clean Water Act sets standards for allowed levels of key water pollutants and requires polluters to get permits. EPA is experimenting with a discharge trading policy similar to that for air pollution control. EPA is experimenting with a discharge trading policy similar to that for air pollution control.

146. Water Quality Act controlling toxic pollutant discharges control non-point sources of pollution authorized $18 billion for wastewater treatment address problems such as coastal estuaries, the Great Lakes, and the Chesapeake Bay

147. Using Laws to Protect Drinking Water The U.N. estimates that 5.6 million Americans drink water that does not meet EPA standards. The U.N. estimates that 5.6 million Americans drink water that does not meet EPA standards. 1 in 5 Americans drinks water from a treatment plant that violated one or more safety standard. 1 in 5 Americans drinks water from a treatment plant that violated one or more safety standard. Industry pressures to weaken the Safe Drinking Act: Industry pressures to weaken the Safe Drinking Act: Eliminate national tests and public notification of violations. Eliminate national tests and public notification of violations. Allow rights to pollute if provider cannot afford to comply. Allow rights to pollute if provider cannot afford to comply.