1. Wave Interference and Standing Waves

2. Interference Constructive interference – Peak and peak – Trough and trough += Destructive interference – Peak and trough += Constructive Interference Example Destructive Interference Example

3. Superposition Principle When two or more waves are in the same medium at the same time, they add together The amplitude of the resulting wave is the sum of the amplitudes of the original waves We think of crests as positive and troughs as negative, so adding a crest to a trough cancels out

4. Superposition Example Two crests coming together (at 1 sec. intervals) Solid lines show the result, dotted the originals

5. Standing Waves When a traveling wave reflects back on itself, it creates traveling waves in both directions The wave and its reflection interfere according to the superposition principle With exactly the right frequency, the wave will appear to stand still – This is called a standing wave The wave reflects upon its self making a big patterned wave

6. A node occurs where the two traveling waves have the same magnitude of displacement, but the displacements are in opposite directions (in other words, there is always destructive interference) – Net displacement is zero at that point – The distance between two nodes is ½λ An antinode occurs where the standing wave vibrates at maximum amplitude (in other words, where there is always constructive interference) Node No motion Anti-node Max amplitude

7. Wave on a string demo

8. Part 2

9. Standing Waves on a String The ends of the string are fixed, so they must be nodes We can determine the number of wavelengths based on the number of nodes and antinodes Node No motion Anti-node Max amplitude ½ λ

10. Standing Waves on a String The same string can produce multiple standing wave patterns at different frequencies. We name these frequencies based on which standing wave pattern it produces: f 1 for the first, f 2 for the second, etc.

11. L = 2m Fundamental Frequency Know as f 1 or the first harmonic Two nodes and one antinode is ½ λ λ = 4m Two anti-nodes makes one complete wave thus f 2 the second harmonic λ = 2m Three anti-nodes, 1 ½ waves Thus f 3, the third harmonic λ = 1.33m Note λ changes! L is constant. Use L = (n/2) λ to find λ (n is the number of the harmonic) We can determine the wavelength of each standing wave based on the length of the string and the number of nodes and antinodes

12. Standing Waves on a String – Frequencies ƒ 1, ƒ 2, ƒ 3 form a harmonic series – ƒ 1 is the fundamental and also the first harmonic – ƒ 2 is the second harmonic Since the standing wave pattern changes by (n/2)λ for every harmonic, the frequencies must double, triple... f 2 = 2f 1 f 3 = 3f 1 f 4 = 4f 1

13. Standing Waves in Air Columns We can also produce a standing sound wave in a column of air (like most wind instruments) If one end of the air column is closed, a node must exist at this end since the movement of the air is restricted If the end is open, the elements of the air have complete freedom of movement and an antinode exists

14. Tube Open at Both Ends We can find wavelengths and frequencies the same way we did for waves on a string; The only difference is nodes and antinodes are reversed

15. Standing Waves in Air Column Open at Both Ends In a pipe open at both ends, the harmonics are equal to integral multiples of the fundamental frequency (first harmonic) f n = nf 1 where n = 1, 2, 3, … (the harmonic number)

16. Tube Closed at One End In a tube closed at one end, the closed end is a node and the open end is an antinode. This means we get different portions of a wavelength than for an open-open tube. The first harmonic is only ¼ of a wavelength. The next is ¾ of a wavelength, then 1 ¼ (or 5/4).

17. Standing Waves in an Air Column Closed at One End The closed end must be a node The open end is an antinode There are no even multiples of the fundamental harmonic f n = nf 1 n = 1, 3, 5, … (the harmonic number)

18. Resonance and Forced Vibrations When struck, an object will vibrate with a natural frequency (like a tuning fork) If an outside force is applied at a frequency that matches the natural frequency of the system, the system is said to be in resonance Resonance is when the natural frequency of the object is matched by the introduced frequency – A swinging kid – A buzzing car dash from loud bass – Snare drums in band room – Tacoma narrows bridge

19. Resonance in nature – Tacoma Narrows Bridge When the wind pushed on the bridge at a frequency that matched the natural frequency of the bridge the bridge fell down! bridge video online