1. SECTION 3 Components part 2

2. DIFFERENTIALS Adams/Driveline has two differential related components –Entire Differential Unit (Differential Assembly) ● Built from the Complex Components ● Creates the parts and joints to define a differential assembly ● Kinematic - parts connected by ideal joints and couplers ● Open differential - no force connecting side gears – Limited Slip Differential ● Force component that represents the forces acting between two side gears and a differential housing.

3. Creates a differential assembly consisting of: –Housing Part – connects ring gear to internal gears –Gears Parts – ring, side, and pinion gears parts –Joints – revolute joints connect internal gears to the housing –Motion Couplers – simple gear behavior representation Gear radii, a center marker, ring gear offset, and housing mass are specified. PartsEach part connected to housing via joint type: 1) Housing n/a 2) Right Side Gear Revolute 3) Front Pinion GearRevolute 4) Left Side Gear Revolute 5) Rear Pinion Gear Revolute 6) Ring GearFixed Coupled Gear Motions –Rear (5) to Right (2), Front (3) to Left (4), Left (4) to Rear (5) DIFFERENTIAL - ENTIRE DIFFERENTIAL ASSEMBLY

4. Torque element that acts between the side gears of a differential unit (which may or may not have been made with the Differential Assembly describe previously) and represents various types of limited slip differential behavior Adding this to a Differential Assembly will effectively convert it into a limited slip differential Left and right gear parts and center markers and differential case part are specified DIFFERENTIALS – LIMITED SLIP DIFF

5. Types include: –Viscous - a property file describes the relationship between slip and torque –Clutch Pack – clutch part and force transfer torque between side gears Thrust reaction forces applied to selected side gear joints Defined by parameters: friction coefficient, friction arm, preload, ramp angle of the gear, side gear radius –Torque Sensing (TORSEN) – simulates TORSEN type differential behavior Applied beyond specified delta torque/rpm thresholds Differential torque is split evenly (Type A/B) or at a specified ratio (Type C) Maximum torque based on total left/right torque ratio, or bias ratio DIFFERENTIALS – LIMITED SLIP DIFF

6. Simulates a fluid torque converter with optional clutch lock Force element that acts between 4 parts: Impeller (input shaft) – chosen at creation, geometry added Turbine (output shaft) – chosen, geometry added Housing – chosen, can be ground, no geometry Clutch Part – created, connected to impeller w/ torsion spring To simulate: Impeller Drag - opposes relative angular velocity between impeller and turbine, based on Capacity Factor versus Speed Ratio spline defined in the property file Turbine Torque – acts on impeller and case, based on impeller drag and Torque Ratios versus Speed Ratio spline define in the property file Converter damping (optional) – Force that connects clutch to turbine, torsional stiffness and damping parameters defined in the property file Lockup clutch torque (optional) – Defined by a user function of time or the change-over-point method, where the clutch torque is applied specified speed ratio. – Change over point, damping coefficient (slip gain) defined by property file. A request is also generated for velocities and torques. TORQUE CONVERTER

7. Bearing –Higher fidelity, more situational alternative to a bushing element. –Incorporates and Timken Company formulations for steady state damping, or running torque, about the rotational direction –Optionally includes radial and axial backlash –Backlash parameters described in the creation/modification dialog box –Timken running torque parameters are described in a bearing property file –Specifiable type Tapered only allows a reaction in the +Z direction. Bearing geometry and disp/velocity/force requests are also created. Flexible Shaft –Creates a series of parts and beam forces –Specify coordinate reference frames for location endpoint location –Beam defined by shaft dimensions (outer diameter and thickness) and material type and # of segments FLEXIBLE CONNECTION COMPONENTS

8. Torsion Spring - Combines a revolute joint and a SFORCE based torsion spring damper into a single element –Positioned by a coordinate reference frame with z axis defining the rotation direction –Stiffness and damping defined with constant coefficients, –Alternatively, the spring can reference a spring property file that defines non-linear stiffness –Also, for non-linear stiffness, simple hysteresis can be simulated by specify a value, which is halved then applied as a constant torque value that opposes direction of rotation FLEXIBLE CONNECTION COMPONENTS

9. Complex Spring - Similar to torsion spring, except defined by multiple splines which are defined in a property file –Can have a 2 nd spline for unloading to represent hysteresis with more definition –Each spline can be 3 dimensional, having a 2 nd independent variable to represent RPM dependency FLEXIBLE CONNECTION COMPONENTS

10. ● Rotational and Translational Backlash – a combination force/joint element – Creates a Revolute or Translational joint between two specified parts – Connects the free direction a force that represents backlash – Defined by parameters backlash, stiffness, damping, and sharpness factor. ● Chain - a force element representation of a flexible chain connection between two rotating parts, consisting of: – a rotational spring-damper to transfer torque between two parts, and take into account chain deflection and damping based on the relative angular position about the Z axes of specified I and J markers, and specified stiffness and damping values. – a translational force to represent the chain tension effect between the sprockets based on the torque generated by the rotational spring-damper divided by a supplied driving sprocket radius FLEXIBLE CONNECTION COMPONENTS

11. Ride Wheels –though Driveline models can be incorporated into full Adams/Car models and use any of the high fidelity Adams/Tire models, the ride wheel component is provided for situations requiring only simple tire behavior. The ride wheel – Creates a rim, constrained in-plane to a ring – Free directions (longitudinal, vertical, torsional) connected by stiffness and damping – Friction between the ring and a road part – Road part can be fixed to ground or independently actuated. – friction formulation is based on vertical load, and a slip vs. slip friction coefficient spline – Mass and location are defined at creation, all other necessary information is defined in a property file OTHER MODELING COMPONENTS

12. Other Modeling Components OTHER MODELING COMPONENTS Dyno – applies either a or motion or torque (depending on mode) to a part for bench test simulations –Used to simulate drag or resistance forces in other simulation types that have alternate methods for actuating the driveline, such as in full vehicle analysis. –Defined by a harmonic series, constant value, curve (property file) or with a user-entered function. Unbalanced Mass – a simple method for adding an unbalanced mass to object –Defined in terms of mass and distance from axis of rotation –Choose a part with and a rotational axis