1. By- Ravi Ranjan (1NH06CS084)

2.  Cloud computing refers to a network that distributes processing power, applications, and large systems among many computers.  Cloud computing is a complex infrastructure of software, hardware, processing, and storage that is available as a service.  Cloud computing offers a way for people to expand their local computing power onto the (seemingly) infinite processing power of the Internet. Using the Internet for communication and transport provides hardware, software and networking services to clients.  Cloud computing is a metaphor for the internet, its breadth and range are much more significant and ground-breaking.

3. Cloud computing customers do not own the physical infrastructure. They consume resources as a service. The service is fully managed by the provider. The consumer only needs a personal computer and Internet access.

4. The term ‘cloud’ first appeared in the early 1990s, referring mainly to large ATM networks. Cloud computing began in earnest at the beginning of this century, just a short eight years ago with the advent of Amazon’s web- based services. Less than two years ago, Yahoo and Google announced plans to provide cloud computing services to some of this country’s largest universities: Carnegie Mellon, University of Washington, Stanford, and MIT. IBM quickly announced plans to offer cloud computing technologies, followed almost at once by Microsoft. More recent entries into the fray include wellknown companies: Sun, Intel, Oracle, SAS, and Adobe. All of these companies invested mightily in cloud computing infrastructure to provide vendor-based cloud services to the masses.

5. Public Resources are dynamically provisioned on a self-service basis. Provided by an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills utility computing basis. Private Capitalise on data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns. Users "still have to buy, build, and manage clouds“ lacks the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept. Hybrid A hybrid cloud environment consists of multiple internal and/or external providers.

8.  This is a model of software deployment where an application is hosted as a service provided to customers across the Internet.  It is generally used to refer to business software rather than consumer software, falls under Web 2.0!  By removing the need to install and run an application on a user’s own computer it is seen as a way for businesses to get the same benefits as commercial software with smaller cost outlay.  It alleviates the burden of software maintenance/support, but users relinquish control over software versions and requirements. Software as a Service:

9. Characteristics: Strengths: - Sometimes free; easy to use; lots of different offerings; easy to access; good consumer adoption; proven business model s. Weaknesses: - You can only use the application as far as what it is designed for; no control or knowledge of underlying technology. Company examples: Gmail, SalesForce.

10. Step 1: Decide which technology will be the basis for your on-demand application infrastructure. Step 2: Determine what delivery infrastructure will be used to abstract the application infrastructure. Step 3: Prepare the network infrastructure. Step 4: Provide visibility and automation of management tasks. Step 5: Integrate all the moving parts, such that the infrastructure actually becomes on-demand and realizes the benefits of abstraction, automation, and resource sharing.

11. SaaS Cluster Computing Grid Computing Distributed Computing Virtualization High- Performance Computing

14. Distributed Computing

16.  A form of computing in which a group of computers are linked together as a single entity.  Common usage is to avoid failure by increasing redundancy.  Used for hosting websites with distributed load.  Also used to distribute a work load in the form of small chunks of data, a technique known as grid computing.

17.  Grid computing is the act of sharing tasks over multiple computers. Tasks can range from data storage to complex calculations and can be spread over large geographical distances. In some cases, computers within a grid are used normally and only act as part of the grid when they are not in use. Can offer computing, network, sensor and storage resources.  It is a toolkit to handle computation management, data movement, storage management and other infrastructure that could handle large grids without restricting themselves to specific hardware and requirements.

19. Grid ComputingCloud Computing Open Standard(OGF…).No standardized interfaces. Public funded & operated (slow evolution).Private funded &operated (fast evolution). No central management.Managed by single entity. Interoperability importance.No interoperability. Geographically distributed; locally owned and managed. Geographically distributed; Centrally owned & managed. Share (usually modest) local resources.Make huge system available. Scientist research, high – end user.Enterprise applications, information processing, data mining.

20. No need of running heavy servers and maintaining them. Instead, run applications on a shared data centers. Just plug in to the shared data servers just like using a utility. Its fast to get started and costs less.

21. When using any application in the cloud, the client just needs to log in to his account; just like any other application and access his resources!!

22.  No-need-to-know.  flexibility and elasticity.  pay as much as used and needed.  always on!, anywhere and any place type of network- based computing.

23. There are 3 issues of Cloud Computing: a.Privacy & Security. b.Reliability. c.Portability & Choice.

24.  Increase reliability.  Device independency.  Unlimited storage.  Remote access.  Eco-friendly.  Economical.

25.  Facilitates collaborations.  All time data availability.  Improved performance.  Highly automated.  Easily scalable.  More mobility.

26.  SECURITY (DATA TRANSPIRANCY).

27.  Totally internet connection oriented.  Require high bandwidth of net connection.  Vendor dependence for data.  Much high budget to establish cloud computing environment.  Not accessible by everyone.  Chances of fraudaness.  Huge power is required.

28. o A ctivities are loosely grouped. o Centralised computing. o Grid Computing, the recent research-led centralised approach. o Can install and run on local cluster. o Run variety of applications on these systems. o Issue- Mainstream adoption.

30. Intel cloud chip will be shipping a 48 core piece of silicon for less then $500. VM density will exceed 200 on this chip in the data center. Windows OS will be over 75% of the VMs that run in the data center. 200 copies of same the Windows operating system running on 1 chip. Total Market share in Cloud Computing.