1. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-1 Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 10/e Stephen P. Robbins & Timothy A. Judge Chapter 8 Foundations of Group Behavior

2. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-2 After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1.Define group and differentiate between types of groups. 2.Identify the five stages of group development. 3.List and define the five properties of groups. 4.Demonstrate how norms and status exert influence on an individual’s behavior. 5.Contrast the strengths and weaknesses of group decision making. 6.Define and talk about social loafing

3. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-3 Groups Two or more people who come together to achieve a set goal. Formal Defined by the organization’s structure Informal Neither formally structured nor organizationally determined. Like a group of friends.

4. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-4 Four Types of Groups Formal Groups Command – reports to a manager of a group. Task – working together to complete a job task Informal Groups Interest – share a common interest or activity. Friendship – members share similar characteristics

5. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-5 Why Do People Join Groups? Security 安全 (Ānquán) Status 状态 (Zhuàngtài) Self-esteem 自尊 (Zìzūn) Affiliation 联系 (Liánxì) Power Goal achievement 成就 (Chéngjiù)

6. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-6 The Five-Stage Model of Group Development 1 Forming: 成型 CNot sure about purpose, structure, and leadership 2 Storming: Group conflict 3 Norming: Group has a strong group identity, unity 4 Performing: Group fully functional and working toward goals 5 Adjourning: For temporary groups: breaking up

7. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION WHAT IS A GROUP? WHAT ARE THE 4 TYPES OF GROUPS? HOW ARE THEY DIVIDED? WHY DO PEOPLE JOIN GROUPS? WHAT ARE THE 5 STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT? 8-7

8. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-8 Group Properties Roles Norms (normal) Status Size Cohesiveness (stick together) Let’s look at each of these!

9. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-9 Group Property 1: Roles 角色 (Juésè) The set of expected behaviors that make up a given position in a group. WHAT DO YOU DO IN THE GROUP – WHAT IS YOUR ROLE? Role Identity – role’s associated attitudes and behaviors Role Perception – our view of how we should act in a given situation Role Expectations – how others believe you should act in a given situation Role Conflict – conflict experienced when many roles do not work well together.

10. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-10 Group Property 2: Norms 规 (Guīfàn) What is Normal Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are shared by the group’s members Powerful means of influencing behavior Performance Norms

11. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-11 Conformity 一致性 Yīzhì xìng Reference Groups:  Groups in which a person is aware of and knows other members. All members are important  Individuals try to conform to norms (what is normal) of these groups Asch Studies  Members desire to avoid being different  Members feel pressure to be like others  Conformity is greater in China and other collectivist cultures.

12. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-12 Deviant (Bad) Workplace Behavior Behavior that violates (goes against) organizational norms and, in doing so, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members Is likely to flourish when:  Supported by group norms  People are in groups

13. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-13 Group Property 3: Status A socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others Determined by:  The power a person uses over others  A person’s ability to contribute to a group’s goals  An individual’s personal characteristics

14. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-14 Impact of Status 状态 (Zhuàngtài) High-status members:  Often have more freedom to turn away from norms  Are better able to resist conformity pressures Interaction among members of groups is influenced by status  High status people are more assertive, like to use power over others.  Low status members may not participate  Group creativity may suffer

15. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-15 Group Activity – Tug of War Group 1 vs Group 2 Winner vs Group 3 Group 4 vs Group 5 Winner vs Winner of 2 nd round.

16. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-16 Group Property 4: Size Smaller groups are faster at completing tasks – members perform better Large groups are consistently better at problem solving Social Loafing 蛇王 Shéwáng (laziness) – Some people will not work hard when working in a group as they would as an individual

17. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-17 Social Loafing 蛇王 Shéwáng Causes: Not an equal distribution of work Some people are not sure of their responsibilities Think that other people will do the work Prevention: Set group goals Increase inter-group competition Engage in peer evaluation Distribute group rewards based on members’ individual contributions

18. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-18 Group Property 5: Cohesiveness 凝聚力... Níngjùlì The degree to which members of the group are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group Good group performance and productivity will be the result of cohesiveness

19. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-19 Encouraging Cohesiveness 1.Make the group smaller 2.Encourage agreement with group goals 3.Increase time spent together 4.Increase the status of group membership 5.Stimulate competition with other groups 6.Give rewards to the group rather than to individual members 7.Physically isolate the group - retreat

20. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall DISCUSSION QUESTIONS WHAT ARE THE 5 GROUP PROPERTIES? WHAT ARE SOME THINGS THAT CAN CAUSE GROUP PROBLEMS? WHAT ARE SOME THINGS THAT CAN HELP GROUPS TO WORK TOGETHER? 8-20

21. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-21 Group Decision Making STRENGTHS Get more complete information and knowledge Increased diversity (different) of views Increased acceptance of a solution WEAKNESSES Takes longer Conformity pressures One person dominates discussion Responsibility for the final outcome not clear

22. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-22 Effectiveness & Efficiency Effectiveness:  Accuracy – group is better than average individual but worse than most best group member  Speed – individuals are faster  Creativity – groups are better  Degree of Acceptance – groups are better Efficiency: Groups are generally less efficient

23. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-23 GROUP INPUT Limit group size (≤10) Group leaders should seek input from all members and avoid talking too much. Appoint a “devil’s advocate” 魔鬼代言人 Mógu ǐ dàiyánrén

24. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-24 Group Decision-Making Techniques Interacting groups meet face-to-face and rely on verbal and non-verbal interactions to communicate Brainstorming 头脑风暴 (Tóun ǎ o fēngbào)  Make a list of creative alternatives  Red light/Green light thinking

25. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall DISCUSSION QUESTIONS WHAT ARE THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF GROUP DECISION- MAKING? WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF GROUPS OVER WORKING AS AN INDIVIDUAL? 8-25

26. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall DISCUSSION QUESTIONS WHAT ARE THE BEST WAYS FOR A LEADER TO GET INPUT FROM A GROUP? WHAT IS BRAINSTORMING RED LIGHT/GREEN LIGHT THINKING? 8-26

27. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-27 Implications for Managers Positive (+) relationship between role perception and performance evaluation Group norms can affect individual performance either + (positive) or – (negative)

28. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-28 Implications for Managers Status differences can limit productivity and performance Group size impacts effectiveness Cohesiveness can influence productivity

29. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-29 Keep in Mind… Group norms, roles, and identities have powerful affects on individual behavior Conformity (people doing everything the same) can be a problem – why? Group decision making is not always better than individual decision making

30. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-30 Summary 1.Defined group and learned the different types of groups. 2.Identified the five stages of group development. 3.Listed and defined the five properties of groups. 4.Demonstrated how norms and status exert influence on an individual’s behavior. 5.Contrasted the strengths and weaknesses of group decision making.

31. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8-31 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.