1. IPM & Insect Pest Management for specialty crops (pitahaya) Anna D. Howell UCCE Ventura Co.

2. Successful Management To successfully control pests, you need a good Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program

3. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) An ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention / suppression of pests or their damage through a combination of control strategies IPM Physical Chemical Cultural Biological

4. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Will keep pests at tolerable levels with minimum impact on human health, the environment & non target organisms (beneficials)

5. Learn Prevent Monitor Control decision Review Key components of IPM

6. Learn Prevent Monitor Control decision Review Learn: Understand key pests & crop lifecycle

7. Learn Prevent Monitor Control decision Review Learn: Understand key pests & crop lifecycle Prevent: Through good planning (site selection, variety, crop rotation, site hygiene, optimum production time

9. Learn Prevent Monitor Control decision Review Learn: Understand key pests & crop lifecycle Prevent: Through good planning (site selection, variety, crop rotation, site hygiene, optimum production time Monitor: For pests (weeds, insects, diseases), beneficials. Use all available monitoring tools

10. Use direct or indirect sampling methods Sample plants Sticky cards, double sided tape, pheromone traps/lures Sweeps Sample weeds in perimeter UCANR

11. Develop a monitoring program:

12. Learn Prevent Monitor Control decision Review Learn: Understand key pests & crop lifecycle Prevent: Through good planning (site selection, variety, crop rotation, site hygiene, optimum production time Monitor: For pests (weeds, insects, diseases), beneficials. Use all available monitoring tools Control Decision: What is the most appropriate action for crop stage, pest stage & pressure. Chemical, biological.

13. Some sprays can disrupt biological control. Only treat if necessary. Treat at the correct life stage VS.

14. Learn Prevent Monitor Control decision Review Learn: Understand key pests & crop lifecycle Prevent: Through good planning (site selection, variety, crop rotation, site hygiene, optimum production time Monitor: For pests (weeds, insects, diseases), beneficials. Use all available monitoring tools Control Decision: What is the most appropriate action for crop stage, pest stage & pressure. Chemical, biological. Review: Crop records, yields, damage against management decisions, pest patterns

15. Pitahaya has little pest problems compared to other major economic crops…but are not pest free

16. Reported Pest Mites Thrips Ants Beetles Borers (Diatrea) Hemiptera (many) Fruit flies Moths Slugs Ray Alvarez Examiner.com

17. Common Pests

18. Ants Honeydew feeding ants like Argentine ants Feed on sap from the fruit & may cause blemishing Associated with honeydew secreting scale WA.gov

19. Management Boric acid bait stations Sweet bait to attract honeydew feeding ants

20. Management Boric acid bait stations Make sure to get your ants ID’d for proper management Don’t let then dry out Always have bait available & clean out traps Your environmental conditions will determine how often you refill them

21. Aphids Piercing-sucking mouthparts Weakens the plant, can scar the fruit Produce honeydew –Attracts ants Protect aphids –Sooty mold Jose DeSoto

22. Western leaf-footed bug (Hemiptera) Leptoglossus zonatus (Coreidea) 2 yellow spots behind the head

23. Piercing-sucking mouthparts Causes blemishes on fruit Most destructive. Feed on weeds in the spring then move into gardens/fields Numerous hosts, including tomato, pomegranate, eggplant

24. Suspected of transmitting fungal and bacterial diseases Eggs are laid on the host plant, end-to-end Overwinter as adults. Can be seen in clusters in the fall

25. Management Remove weeds that may serve as host plants (sanitation!) Build up natural enemies –Avoid using broad spectrum insecticides Neem oil / insecticidal soaps on nymphs –Adults are harder to control

26. Scale Insects Brown Scale Armored Scale ‘Scale’ can be separated from body, with distinct nipple Produce no honeydew Inject toxin into plants Soft Scale ‘Scale’ is part of body, can’t be separated Smooth, cottony, waxy covering Produce honeydew Brown Scale Red Scale

27. Piercing-sucking mouthparts Weakens the plant Honeydew producers attracts ants –Ants will protect scale insects from natural enemies

28. Management Horticultural oils or soaps If chemically treating, timing is crucial Manage ants so natural enemies can control scale Crawlers are easier to manage

29. Mealybugs Piercing-sucking mouthparts –In high populations, can slow growth & cause die-back Small soft-bodies insects (0.05-0.2”) Have a waxy covering with filaments around the body Secrete honeydew –Sooty mold –Ants

31. Management Waxy coating protects them from insecticides –Insecticidal soaps or petroleum oils can break it down Neem oil Pyrethrins Manage ants for natural enemies

32. Cactus Moth Cactoblastis cactorum Larvae have chewing mouthparts –Burrow into the plant and eat the insides From S. America –Introduced in Australia as a control for Opuntia sp. Also found in California, Arizona, Nevada, Texas, and New Mexico

33. “Snout” moths (Family: Pyralidae) Adult wingspan is 1 – 1.3” Species identified by looking at male genitalia

37. Management Horticultural oils or insecticidal soaps on small larvae Spinosads Bt for the larvae of Leps Pheromone traps/lures

38. Spotted Wing Drosophila Small vinegar flies (1/8 - 1/16”) Males have I dark spot at the ends of each wing Females have a serrated ovipositor

39. Damage Attacks ripening healthy fruit before harvest Larvae feed on the inside causing it to become mushy and brown on the outside Can also cause secondary infections Fruit with maggots inside is hard to sell

41. Monitoring Apple cider vinegar traps Check traps weekly & change out every 2- 3 weeks

42. Management No biological control (so far) Organic methods: Spinosads –Oils do not work Conventional: See UCIPM website for chemical control Timing is crucial. Need to get adults. Multiple sprays may be required

43. Prevention Sanitation is key to prevention Harvest old fruit Do Not throw old/bad fruit on the floor Keep your fields clean of rotting or overripe fruit. Sanitation can decrease populations substantially!!

44. Thank you!