1. Genocide Eli Lear

2. What is Genocide? Genocide is a term referring to violence against certain groups of people to completely destroy the existence of the group.

3. Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

4. When did the term “Genocide” come into use? It came into general usage after World War II, when the full extent of the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime against the Jews of Europe during that conflict became known. In 1948, the United Nations declared genocide to be an international crime; the term would later be applied to the horrific acts of violence committed during conflicts in the former Yugoslavia and in the African country of Rwanda in the 1990s. An international treaty signed by some 120 countries in 1998 established the International Criminal Court (ICC), which has jurisdiction to prosecute crimes of genocide.

5. Some examples of genocide in history: 1933: Rise of Adolf Hitler With the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor on Jan 30, 1933; the Nazi Party took control of Germany. In October, German delegates walked out of disarmament talks in Geneva and Nazi Germany withdrew from the League of Nations. In October, at an international legal conference in Madrid, Raphael Lemkin (who later coined the word “genocide”) proposed legal measures to protect groups. His proposal did not receive support.Nazi PartyRaphael Lemkin 1950-1987: Cold war Massive crimes against civilian populations were all too common in the years after World War II and throughout the Cold War. Whether these situations constituted “genocide” was scarcely considered by the countries that had undertaken to prevent and punish that crime by joining the Genocide Convention.

6. 1991-1995: Wars of the former Yugoslavia The wars of the former Yugoslavia were marked by massive war crimes and crimes against humanity. The conflict in Bosnia (1992-1995) brought some of the harshest fighting and worst massacres to Europe since World War II. In one small town, Srebrenica, as many as 8,000 Bosnia men and boys were murdered by Serbian forces. 1994: Genocide in Rwanda From April until mid-July, at least 500,000 civilians, mostly from the Tutsi minority group, were killed in Rwanda. It was killing on a devastating scale, scope, and speed. In October, the UN Security Council extended the mandate of the ICTY to include a separate but linked tribunal for Rwanda, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), located in Arusha, Tanzania. Rwanda

7. Three pillars of the UN’s responsibility to protect against genocide: The State carries the primary responsibility for protecting populations from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing, and their incitement; The international community has a responsibility to encourage and assist States in fulfilling this responsibility; The international community has a responsibility to use appropriate diplomatic, humanitarian and other means to protect populations from these crimes. If a State is manifestly failing to protect its populations, the international community must be prepared to take collective action to protect populations, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.

8. The Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide (OSAPG) works to strengthen the role of the United Nations in preventing genocide by: Raising awareness: Creating knowledge and raising awareness of genocide prevention in order to enhance the capacity of the United Nations to analyze and manage information relevant to genocide and related crimes, and enable States, the United Nations system and civil society to work collectively towards preventing genocide. The Office: Assists regional organizations and governments to institute genocide prevention mechanisms, and engages governments on the nature of genocide and constructive ways of managing diversity as a preventive strategy; Organizes high-level UN conferences on genocide prevention, holds public briefings, conducts and disseminates case studies on management of diverse populations, and publishes expert papers on thematic issues. Conducts training seminars for government officials and UN staff and has developed a training manual on genocide prevention.

9. Alerting: Collecting information, in particular from within the UN system, on massive and serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law of ethnic and racial origin that, if not prevented or halted, might lead to genocide, and acting as a mechanism of early warning to the Security Council, through the Secretary-General, by bringing these situations to its attention. The Office: In close consultation with the UN system, maintains working files on situations of concern based on the Office’s Analysis Framework, which identifies factors that, cumulatively, could lead to genocidal violence; maintains a database of information on possible precursors to genocide; and is working to define and track dangerous speech and draw up recommendations to prevent or limit its effect. Provides timely advice to the Secretary-General and, as appropriate, the Security Council, on situations of concern, through advisory notes and briefings.

10. Advocating: Making recommendations to the Secretary-General on actions to prevent or halt genocide. The Office: Advises the Secretary-General on preventive action. Mobilizes the UN system and other key partners, taking into account the urgency of a situation, and conducts advocacy missions to countries where the involvement of the Special Adviser is considered of particular value.

11. Punishing those responsible for genocide: Where genocide does occur, the International Criminal Court (ICC), which is separate from and independent of the United Nations, is empowered to investigate and prosecute those most responsible, if a State is unwilling or unable to exercise jurisdiction over alleged perpetrators. Fighting impunity and establishing a credible expectation that the perpetrators of genocide and related crimes will be held accountable can contribute effectively to a culture of prevention.

12. Works cited: United States Holocaust Museum. Holocaust Encyclopedia. USHMM, 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. United States Holocaust Museum. Genocide Timeline. USHMM, 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. History. What Is Genocide. H. 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. United Nations. Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. UN, 2012. Web. 28 Nov. 2012.