1. Chapter 5 Link Layer Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 6 th edition Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley March 2012 A note on the use of these ppt slides: We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following:  If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source (after all, we’d like people to use our book!)  If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material. Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR All material copyright 1996-2012 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Link Layer5-1 The course notes are adapted for Bucknell’s CSCI 363 Xiannong Meng Spring 2016

2. Link Layer 5-2 Link layer, LAN s: outline 5.1 introduction, services 5.2 error detection, correction 5.3 multiple access protocols 5.4 LANs  addressing, ARP  Ethernet  switches  VLANS 5.5 link virtualization: MPLS 5.6 data center networking 5.7 a day in the life of a web request

3. Ethernet card example: Intel 82574L Gigabit Ethernet NIC Data Link Layer5-3 Wikipedia: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/ An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg

4. Network Interface Controller (NIC) information from Wikipedia Data Link Layer5-4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Network_interface_controller

5. Link Layer 5-5 MAC addresses and ARP  32-bit IP address:  network-layer address for interface  used for layer 3 (network layer) forwarding  MAC (or LAN or physical or Ethernet) address:  function: used ‘locally” to get frame from one interface to another physically-connected interface (same network, in IP- addressing sense)  48 bit MAC address (for most LANs) burned in NIC ROM, also sometimes software settable  e.g.: 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD hexadecimal (base 16) notation (each “number” represents 4 bits)

6. Some historical perspective  Ethernet history: first Ethernet spec 1973  http://timeline.ethernethistory.com/ http://timeline.ethernethistory.com/  Technical history of ARPANET: first IMP 1969  1969: RFC 1: specifies host to host communication protocol http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc0001  TCP/IP history:  http://www.history- computer.com/Internet/Maturing/TCPIP.html http://www.history- computer.com/Internet/Maturing/TCPIP.html Data Link Layer5-6

7. Link Layer 5-7 LAN addresses and ARP each adapter on LAN has unique LAN address adapter 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 71-65-F7-2B-08-53 LAN (wired or wireless)

8. Link Layer 5-8 LAN addresses (more)  MAC address allocation administered by IEEE  manufacturer buys portion of MAC address space (to assure uniqueness)  analogy:  MAC address: like Social Security Number  IP address: like postal address  MAC flat address ➜ portability  can move LAN card from one LAN to another  IP hierarchical address not portable  address depends on IP subnet to which node is attached

9. Data Link Layer5-9 Question: how to map between interface’s MAC address, and its IP address?

10. Link Layer 5-10 ARP: Address Resolution Protocol ARP table: each IP node (host, router) on LAN has table  IP/MAC address mappings for some LAN nodes:  TTL (Time To Live): time after which address mapping will be forgotten (typically 20 min) 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 71-65-F7-2B-08-53 LAN 137.196.7.23 137.196.7.78 137.196.7.14 137.196.7.88

11. Link Layer 5-11 ARP protocol: within same LAN  A wants to send datagram to B  B’s MAC address not in A’s ARP table.  A broadcasts ARP query packet, containing B's IP address  dest MAC address = FF-FF- FF-FF-FF-FF  all nodes on LAN receive ARP query  B receives ARP packet, replies to A with its (B's) MAC address  frame sent to A’s MAC address (unicast)  A caches (saves) IP-to- MAC address pair in its ARP table until information becomes old (times out)  soft state: information that times out (goes away) unless refreshed  ARP is “plug-and-play”:  nodes create their ARP tables without intervention from net administrator

12. Link Layer 5-12 Walk-through: send datagram from A to B via R  focus on addressing – at IP (datagram) and MAC layer (frame)  assume A knows B’s IP address  assume A knows IP address of first hop router, R (how?)  assume A knows R’s MAC address (how?) Addressing: routing to another LAN R 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B 222.222.222.220 111.111.111.110 E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B CC-49-DE-D0-AB-7D 111.111.111.112 111.111.111.111 74-29-9C-E8-FF-55 A 222.222.222.222 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A 222.222.222.221 88-B2-2F-54-1A-0F B

13. R 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B 222.222.222.220 111.111.111.110 E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B CC-49-DE-D0-AB-7D 111.111.111.112 111.111.111.111 74-29-9C-E8-FF-55 A 222.222.222.222 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A 222.222.222.221 88-B2-2F-54-1A-0F B Link Layer 5-13 Addressing: routing to another LAN IP Eth Phy IP src: 111.111.111.111 IP dest: 222.222.222.222  A creates IP datagram with IP source A, destination B  A creates link-layer frame with R's MAC address as dest, frame contains A-to-B IP datagram MAC src: 74-29-9C-E8-FF-55 MAC dest: E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B

14. R 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B 222.222.222.220 111.111.111.110 E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B CC-49-DE-D0-AB-7D 111.111.111.112 111.111.111.111 74-29-9C-E8-FF-55 A 222.222.222.222 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A 222.222.222.221 88-B2-2F-54-1A-0F B Link Layer 5-14 Addressing: routing to another LAN IP Eth Phy  frame sent from A to R IP Eth Phy  frame received at R, datagram removed, passed up to IP MAC src: 74-29-9C-E8-FF-55 MAC dest: E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B IP src: 111.111.111.111 IP dest: 222.222.222.222 IP src: 111.111.111.111 IP dest: 222.222.222.222

15. R 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B 222.222.222.220 111.111.111.110 E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B CC-49-DE-D0-AB-7D 111.111.111.112 111.111.111.111 74-29-9C-E8-FF-55 A 222.222.222.222 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A 222.222.222.221 88-B2-2F-54-1A-0F B Link Layer 5-15 Addressing: routing to another LAN IP src: 111.111.111.111 IP dest: 222.222.222.222  R forwards datagram with IP source A, destination B  R creates link-layer frame with B's MAC address as dest, frame contains A-to-B IP datagram MAC src: 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B MAC dest: 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A IP Eth Phy IP Eth Phy

16. R 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B 222.222.222.220 111.111.111.110 E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B CC-49-DE-D0-AB-7D 111.111.111.112 111.111.111.111 74-29-9C-E8-FF-55 A 222.222.222.222 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A 222.222.222.221 88-B2-2F-54-1A-0F B Link Layer 5-16 Addressing: routing to another LAN  R forwards datagram with IP source A, destination B  R creates link-layer frame with B's MAC address as dest, frame contains A-to-B IP datagram IP src: 111.111.111.111 IP dest: 222.222.222.222 MAC src: 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B MAC dest: 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A IP Eth Phy IP Eth Phy

17. R 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B 222.222.222.220 111.111.111.110 E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B CC-49-DE-D0-AB-7D 111.111.111.112 111.111.111.111 74-29-9C-E8-FF-55 A 222.222.222.222 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A 222.222.222.221 88-B2-2F-54-1A-0F B Link Layer 5-17 Addressing: routing to another LAN  R forwards datagram with IP source A, destination B  R creates link-layer frame with B's MAC address as dest, frame contains A-to-B IP datagram IP src: 111.111.111.111 IP dest: 222.222.222.222 MAC src: 1A-23-F9-CD-06-9B MAC dest: 49-BD-D2-C7-56-2A IP Eth Phy

18. Data Link Layer5-18 http://www.slideshare.net/naveenarvinth/arp-36193303

19. IPv6 uses NDP, not ARP  Due to security reasons, IPv6 no longer uses ARP. Rather it uses a protocol called Neighbor Discover Protocol (NDP), or Secure Neighbor Discover Protocol (SEND).  See discussion at this site:  http://superuser.com/questions/969831/why-is-arp- replaced-by-ndp-in-ipv6 http://superuser.com/questions/969831/why-is-arp- replaced-by-ndp-in-ipv6 Data Link Layer5-19

20. Link Layer 5-20 Link layer, LAN s: outline 5.1 introduction, services 5.2 error detection, correction 5.3 multiple access protocols 5.4 LANs  addressing, ARP  Ethernet  switches  VLANS 5.5 link virtualization: MPLS 5.6 data center networking 5.7 a day in the life of a web request

21. Link Layer 5-21 Ethernet “dominant” wired LAN technology:  cheap $20 for NIC  first widely used LAN technology  simpler, cheaper than token LANs and ATM  kept up with speed race: 10 Mbps – 10 Gbps Metcalfe’s Ethernet sketch

22. Ethernet cabling  10Base5 cable (thick cable)  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE5  Two types of transceiver connectors http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/~gorry/eg3567/lan-pages/10b5.html  10Base2 cable (thin cable)  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10BASE2  10Base T (twist-pair Ethernet cable)  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pai r http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pai r Data Link Layer5-22

23. Link Layer 5-23 Ethernet: physical topology  bus: popular through mid 90s  all nodes in same collision domain (can collide with each other)  star: prevails today  active switch in center  each “spoke” runs a (separate) Ethernet protocol (nodes do not collide with each other) switch bus: coaxial cable star

24. Link Layer 5-24 Ethernet frame structure sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or other network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame preamble:  7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by one byte with pattern 10101011  used to synchronize receiver, sender clock rates dest. address source address data (payload) CRC preamble type

25. Link Layer 5-25 Ethernet frame structure (more)  addresses: 6 byte source, destination MAC addresses  if adapter receives frame with matching destination address, or with broadcast address (e.g. ARP packet), it passes data in frame to network layer protocol  otherwise, adapter discards frame  type: indicates higher layer protocol (mostly IP but others possible, e.g., Novell IPX, AppleTalk)  CRC: cyclic redundancy check at receiver  error detected: frame is dropped dest. address source address data (payload) CRC preamble type

26. Link Layer 5-26 Ethernet: unreliable, connectionless  connectionless: no handshaking between sending and receiving NICs  unreliable: receiving NIC doesnt send acks or nacks to sending NIC  data in dropped frames recovered only if initial sender uses higher layer rdt (e.g., TCP), otherwise dropped data lost  Ethernet’s MAC protocol: unslotted CSMA/CD wth binary backoff

27. Link Layer 5-27 802.3 Ethernet standards: link & physical layers  many different Ethernet standards  common MAC protocol and frame format  different speeds: 2 Mbps, 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1Gbps, 10G bps  different physical layer media: fiber, cable application transport network link physical MAC protocol and frame format 100BASE-TX 100BASE-T4 100BASE-FX 100BASE-T2 100BASE-SX 100BASE-BX fiber physical layer copper (twister pair) physical layer

28. Link Layer 5-28 Link layer, LAN s: outline 5.1 introduction, services 5.2 error detection, correction 5.3 multiple access protocols 5.4 LANs  addressing, ARP  Ethernet  switches  VLANS 5.5 link virtualization: MPLS 5.6 data center networking 5.7 a day in the life of a web request

29. Link Layer 5-29 Ethernet switch  link-layer device: takes an active role  store, forward Ethernet frames  examine incoming frame’s MAC address, selectively forward frame to one-or-more outgoing links when frame is to be forwarded on segment, uses CSMA/CD to access segment  transparent  hosts are unaware of presence of switches  plug-and-play, self-learning  switches do not need to be configured