1. Ch. 14 Acids And Bases

2. Properties of Acids Aqueous solutions of acids have a _____________. Acids change the ________________. Some acids react with ____________ and release _______________. Acids react with ________ to produce __________________. Acids conduct _______________. 14-2

3. Acid Nomenclature _____________: an acid that contains only two different elements, hydrogen and one of the more electronegative elements. The name begins with ________. The ___________ of the second element. The name ends with ______. (ex. HCl = hydrochloric acid) 14-3

4. Acid Nomenclature _____: an acid that is a compound of hydrogen, oxygen and a third element, usually a nonmetal. Some common oxyacids: Nitrous acid: ______ Nitric acid: ________ Sulfurous acid: _______ Sulfuric acid: _______ 14-4

5. Common Industrial Acids ______________: used in petroleum refining and production of fertilizer, metals, paints, dyes detergents and as a dehydrating agent. ____________: Used to make rubber, plastics, dyes and pharmaceuticals. ___________________: Used to manufacture fertilizers and animal feeds, as a flavoring agent in beverages (soda). ___________________: Aids digestion, used as a cleaning agent, in food processing, recovery of Mg from sea water. ______________: Vinegar, used to make plastics, food supplements, and as a fungicide. 14-5

6. Properties of Bases Aqueous solutions taste ________. Bases change the color of _________. Dilute aqueous solutions of bases feel _______________________. Bases react with acids to produce ______________________. Bases conduct _____________. 14-6

7. Arrhenius Acids and Bases ______________: a chemical compound that increases the concentration of H + ions in aqueous solution. ____________________ _________________: a substance that increases the concentration of OH - ion in aqueous solution. __________________________ 14-7

8. Strengths of Acids _________________: one that ionizes completely in aqueous solution. _______________: releases few H + ions in aqueous solution. 14-8

9. Strengths of Bases ___________________: strong electrolytes. __________________: weak electrolytes. 14-9

10. Br Ø sted-Lowry ________________: a molecule or ion that is a proton donor. (H + is a proton) __________________: a molecule or ion that is a proton acceptor. ________________________: protons are transferred from one reactant (the acid) to another (the base). _________________________________ 14-10

11. Br Ø sted-Lowry ________________: an acid that can donate one proton per molecule. (HNO 3 ) ________________: an acid that can donate more than one proton per molecule. (H 2 SO 4 ) ______________: can donate two protons per molecule. ______________: can donate three protons per molecule. 14-11

12. Br Ø sted-Lowry 14-12

13. Lewis Acids and Bases ____________: an atom, ion or molecule that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond. With this definition, an acid doesn’t need to include hydrogen. _____________: an atom, ion or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond. _____________________: the formation of one or more covalent bonds between an electron-pair donor and an electron-pair acceptor. 14-13

14. Acid – Base Definitions TypeAcidBase __________H + or H 3 O + OH - producer producer _____________ Proton (H + ) Proton Acceptor Donor _________Electron-PairElectron-Pair Donor Acceptor 14-14

15. Acid – Base Reactions _________________: the species that remains after a Br Ø nsted-Lowry acid has given up a proton __________________: the species that is formed when a Br Ø nsted-Lowry base gains a proton. 14-15

16. Acid – Base Reactions 14-16

17. Acid – Base Reactions 14-17

18. Acid – Base Reactions 14-18

19. Acid – Base Reactions Proton transfer reactions_______ the production of the ________ acid and the _____________ base. 14-19

20. Amphoteric Compounds ___________________: any species that can react as either an acid or a base. __________ is an example of an amphoteric substance: H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O → H 3 O + + HSO 4 - acid1 base2 acid2 base1 NH 3 + H 2 O → NH 4 + + OH - base1 acid2 acid1 base2 14-20

21. Acid-Base Neutralization ________________: the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water. __________: an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from an acid. 14-21

22. Acid Rain Acid rain occurs when industrial processes ______________ that dissolve in atmospheric water to produce __________ ____________. 14-22

23. Ch. 14 The End 14-23