1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Standard USHC 4: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the industrial development and the consequences of that development on society and politics during the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries.

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Westward Expansion After 1865 USHC 4.1 Summarize the impact that government policy and the construction of the transcontinental railroads had on the development of the national market and on the culture of Native American peoples

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. During and after the Civil War, the U.S. entered a period of rapid economic growth and westward expansion fostered by government policies that:  Created a national market  Threatened cultural survival of Indians The Civil War marked a turning point in transportation Railroad construction caused tension as North and South fought for routes to the Pacific Ocean  Kansas-Nebraska Act had been passed in order to provide a route west for the railroad

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Central Pacific headed east--Union Pacific headed west The goal was to build a transcontinental railroad linking the East and the West. They met in 1869 at Promontory, Utah The government supported a transcontinental railroad through loans and land grants. Transcontinental Railroads

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. They were free to pass laws that reflected their understanding of the role of the national government Passed Land Grants that promoted the building of transcontinental railroads by providing both a route and land to sell to raise capital (Money) for building tracks The Homestead Act: Law granting western farm land to settlers for free as long as they created a home and farm  Promoted growth of the west and the national economy How the Civil War Helped Railroads The absence of many Southern Democrats in Congress (they joined C.S.A.) during Civil War allowed Republicans to pass laws much easier

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Like miners and ranchers, farmers also moved west, looking for a better life Railroad companies encouraged pioneer settlement. So did the government Under the 1862 Homestead Act: the government gave land to farmers willing to tend it Easterners, Exodusters (Blacks who moved to Kansas), and immigrants soon poured onto the Great Plains

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.1 part 1) 1.The Civil War marked a Turning Point in what? A.Transportation 2.What caused tension between North and South? A.Fighting for railroad routes through their area 3.What was passed to provide a route west for the railroads? A.Kansas-Nebraska Act 4.What was the ultimate goal for the railroad system and how did the government support this goal? A.Transcontinental Railroad – Land Grants 5.Where did the railroads finally meet? A.Promontory, Utah 6.What allowed Republicans to pass laws that reflected their understanding of government during the war? A.Absence of Southern Democrats 7.What was the Homestead Act of 1862? A.Free western land for settlers 8. Like miners and ranchers, farmers moved west, why? A.For a better life

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Note Taking Study Guide Page 123

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Transcontinental Railroad: Fostered a national market by linking all of the country Access for farmers and ranchers to markets in the east Access for emerging industries to the natural resources of the west Transcontinental Railroad

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Native American Struggles Railroads hurt Native Americans by altering their way of life and disrupting their culture  Because the buffalo posed a threat to the tracks, the railroad encouraged the killing of the bison  Plains Indian, could no longer sustain themselves Whites attracted to free land with access to markets US government violated treaties and responded to resistance with military force

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Just as the Trail of Tears moved eastern tribes, a similar policy was followed for western tribes Forced to agree to treaties that moved them onto smaller reservations, and taken advantage of by agents Some resisted but were pursued in series of Indian Wars Others agreed, only to be driven from the reservations because of the discovery of some precious mineral Forced Relocations

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Criticisms of the U.S. policy of breaking treaties with the Native Americans resulted in a change of policy New policy attempted to foster assimilation into society Tribal lands were divided into farming parcels  Did not match cultural habits of tribal ownership of lands  Indians did not know how to be farmers  As a result, many Indians lost the land to whites Assimilation Policy

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Replaced reservation system with an allotment system Granted each Indian family a plot of land Specified the land could not be sold for 25 years In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes General Allotment (Severalty) Act to encourage assimilation Dawes General Allotment Act

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In an attempt to promote assimilation; Indian children were taken and sent to boarding schools in the east:  Taught English and how to dress and act like white Americans, thus losing their cultural heritage Attempts to revive their traditions, such as the Ghost Dance, were viewed as a threat by the Army and…  Resulted in a massacre at Wounded Knee, SD Native Americans were left in poverty and cultural decline, without a voice in America’s democracy Impact of Assimilation Policies

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Native Americans were forced to assimilate. Before and after entering the Carlisle Indian School

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Sand Creek Massacre (1864): Colorado militia came across peaceful Cheyenne Indians and killed over 200 Sioux Indians defeated General Custer at the Battle of little Big Horn (1876), later led to their slaughter Wounded Knee, S.D. (1890): After killing Sitting Bull, they chased others to Wounded Knee and killed more than 100 The Indian Wars were over after Wounded Knee. To end the Ghost Dance, the government attempted to arrest Sitting Bull…but ended up killing him Indian Massacres Sitting Bull Lakota (Sioux) Indians

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.1 part 2) 1.The railroad accomplished what two things for business? A.Created a National Market and access East for Farmers 2.How did the railroads make it difficult for Indians to survive? A.Killed the Bison (Buffalo) 3.What tragic event was repeated for the Plains Indians? A.Forced relocation…same as Trail of Tears 4.What are some ways Indians responded to white demands? A.Cooperated or Fought 5.Why were some Indian tribes moved again from reservations? A.Discovery of some precious mineral 6.Why did the government switch to a policy of Assimilation? A.Criticism over broken treaties 7.What legal act encouraged assimilation through farming? A.Dawes Severalty Act 8.What is the Sand Creek Massacre? A.Murder of over 200 Cheyenne Indians by Colorado militia 9.What is the Ghost Dance and how did whites react to it? A.Attempt to revive culture…viewed as a threat by the army 10.What happened in Wounded Knee, SD in 1890? A.Murder of over 100 Sioux Indians by the US Army

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Note Taking Study Guide Page 121

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. USHC-4.2 Analyze the factors that influenced the economic growth of the United States and its emergence as an industrial power, including the abundance of natural resources; government support and protection in the form of railroad subsidies, tariffs, and labor policies; and the expansion of international markets. Gilded Age: 1870 to 1898…Period marked by the growth of Industry and wealth which supported materialism and political corruption The beginning of the Industrial Age in the United States is MOST associated with the late 1800s

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. U.S. entered a period of rapid economic growth (boom)  Due in part to government policies that contributed to changes in the factors of production Factors that contribute to economic growth are: land, labor, capital, technology and entrepreneurship Government’s role in Economic Growth

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. LABOR: human effort used in production (physical & mental effort) Technology: enables companies to maintain & improve upon their competitive edge Entrepreneur organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise LAND: all of the natural resources used in production Capital: $ invested In the business; tools, machinery

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Economic growth started in the first half of the century It was fostered by both government actions and changes in each of the factors of production The government plays an important role in providing the business environment for entrepreneurs: 1.The national bank provided needed capital (Money) and somewhat regulated lending 2.Expansion to the West was promoted by government actions through purchase, treaties and war 3.Opened up a region rich in natural resources such as coal and iron ore 4.Removed or controlled Native Americans Government’s role in Economic Growth

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The growth of business was supported by court decisions: 1.Upheld the sanctity of contracts 2.Passed patent laws: protected the rights of inventors 3.Regulated interstate commerce 4.Protected infant industries with a protective tariff Pre-Civil War technological changes: One of the most important advances: Invention of the Steam Engine: steamboat, oil drilling and railroads Policies to foster economic growth were promoted by the Republican Party: Passed laws which helped westward expansion by: offering subsidies in the form of land grants to railroads Gave free land to settlers (Homestead Act) Government’s role in Economic Growth

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 1.The reorganization of banking fostered a more secure financial climate 2.War contracts further stimulated the economy 3.Protected settlers in the West from Indians 4.Tariffs raised to protect industry from foreign competition 5.Labor policies promoted the interests of business Government’s role in Economic Growth

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Chinese Exclusion Act: passed after the completion of the railroad when workers were no longer desired As workers began to organize into unions and strike, the government took the side of management  Sent federal troops to break up strikes and jail strikers Supported the interest of Big Business, not workers Wages depressed by the supply of unskilled immigrants Organization into unions was hurt by government actions Government’s role in helping Business Promoted open immigration to supply workers

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Although high tariffs protected jobs, they did not support consumers because prices were kept high Industrial growth led to a surplus of products  These surpluses led the government to support expansion of international markets through foreign policy initiatives: 1.Expanded territorial influence 2.Protected American investments abroad (overseas) 3.Promoted trade Government’s role in Economic Growth

27. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.2) 1.The U.S. entered a period of economic growth due in part to…? A.Government policies 2.Name five factors that contribute to economic growth? A.Land, Labor, Technology, Capital and Entrepreneur 3.What provided capital and loans to help the economy grow? A.The National Bank 4.Name two cases where the Courts helped businesses? A.D artmouth v. Woodward and Gibbons v. Ogden 5.What pre-Civil War technology helped improve industries? A.Steam Engine 6.What two Republican policies aided westward expansion? A.Land Grants and Homestead Act 7.How did the government ensure labor was available? A.Open Immigration 8.What action stopped the immigration of Chinese people? A.Chinese Exclusion Act 9.How did the government respond to private labor strikes? A.Supported Big Business…sent the military to stop strikes 10.Industrial growth and new technologies led to what? A.Surplus of goods

28. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Note Taking Study Guide Page 112

29. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. USHC-4.3 Evaluate the role of capitalism and its impact on democracy, including the ascent of new industries, the increasing availability of consumer goods and the rising standard of living, the role of entrepreneurs, the rise of business through monopoly and the influence of business ideologies

30. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Capitalism has played a central role in the development of the U.S. economy since the first settlers landed Capitalism is: an economic system characterized by private ownership of property and the use of that property to make a profit  Capitalism supports the democratic ideal of individual freedom and opportunity Capitalism = Private Ownership & Profit

31. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Corporations promoted industrialization before the Civil War by raising capital (money) through the sale of stock In the post-Civil War period, corporations became larger and more powerful through mergers and monopoly and had a greater influence on the economy, and government  Merger: Combining two businesses into one  Monopoly: Exclusive control of a commodity or service Critics questioned the compatibility of large unfettered (Uncontrolled) corporations and the rights of workers and consumers in a democracy  Can we trust them to do what’s right? Corporations Corporation: a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity (legally a person) recognized by law

32. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Railroad was the economic engine that drove the economy Transcontinental routes helped to unite the country and promoted economic growth and the development of a National Market (Sell your products anywhere in the US) Need for steel rails, wooden railroad ties and railroad cars and its ability to transport goods contributed to the growth of these industries and many others (Coal, Oil, etc.) The Railroad drove the Economy Railroad Car

33. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Railroads got settlers through advertising and land sales  Railroads also provided farmers access to markets New towns grew along routes and older ones were able to specialize in particular products Competition caused railroads to merge to survive When competition drove companies into bankruptcy; the economy was thrown into depression The Railroad Drove the Economy

34. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.3 part 1) 1.Define Capitalism A.Characterized by Private Ownership & Profit 2.Capitalism supports the democratic ideal of… (2 things)? A.individual freedom and opportunity 3.Corporations promoted industrialization before the Civil War by? A. raising capital (money) through the sale of stock 4.In the post Civil War period, corporations became larger and more powerful through what two strategies? A.Merger and Monopoly 5.What concerns did critics have about large corporations? A.Will they protect the rights of workers 6.Name three positive impacts of Transcontinental routes? A.Unite the country; Economic Growth; National Market 7.How did the railroads help some industries grow? A.Need for different parts of the railroad industry 8.Railroads got settlers through what two things? A.Advertising and land sales 9.How did railroads survive against competition? A.Mergers 10.How did the economy react to railroad bankruptcies? A.Economic Depression

35. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Entrepreneurs used new technologies and new business tactics to create large corporations to control their industry The Bessemer process (making steel) and astute business practices prompted the rise of Andrew Carnegie:  Controlled the steel industry through a Vertical Integration of his business that gave him a monopoly o Controlled all aspects of the steel industry from the mining of iron ore and coal, to the steel mill Entrepreneurs Andrew Carnegie

36. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. NOTE: Rockefeller is most known for running Standard Oil He used various tactics to gain control of the oil industry He undersold the market (extra-low prices) to drive out competition and then increased the price of oil Initiated business device known as the trust to gain control of oil refining through a Horizontal Integration  One of the main reasons he succeeded was that he combined vertical and horizontal integration After the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, Rockefeller turned to the holding company to continue his monopoly John D. Rockefeller

37. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

38. Critics wondered if the so-called “Robber Barons” were protected too much by the government Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? Unfettered (uncontrolled) competition led to economic uncertainty; depressions and a public call for government regulation of monopolies Voters pressured Congress to assert limited control on Big Business through the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Entrepreneurs

39. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Concerns of the public over the political power of monopolies contributed to the Progressive Movement Public concerns over monopoly were offset by the popularity of pro-business ideologies Captains of industry justified their use of cut-throat practices with the ideologies of…  Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest) and…  Laissez Faire capitalism (Government kept hands off) o But they wanted government protection against labor and high tariffs to protect their monopolies Laissez = LAZY

40. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Horatio Alger stories of “rags to riches” provided support for myth that anyone could make it if they worked hard Carnegie improved his public image with his Gospel of Wealth. Gave away millions to libraries and universities  Gospel of Wealth: “Man who dies rich dies disgraced” John D. Rockefeller was also a philanthropist, especially after his business practices came under public scrutiny and the threat of anti-trust action Despite the higher prices that monopolies charged, the period ushered in a rise in the standard of living and new consumer products for many Americans

41. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The harnessing of electricity and the invention of the typewriter and the telephone:  Provided: new opportunities for women in the workplace and new conveniences in the home Deflation and mass production lowered the price of goods Some, including farmers and factory workers, did not enjoy this improved standard of living because of:  Low prices for their crops and low wages for their labor

42. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.3 part 2) 1.What did entrepreneurs use to create large corporations to control their industry? A.Mergers and Monopolies 2.How did Carnegie control the steel industry? A.Horizontal Integration 3.Who controlled the Oil industry? A.John D. Rockefeller 4.What did Rockefeller initiate to gain control of the oil refining industry through a horizontal integration? A.The Trust 5.How did Captains of Industry justify cut-throat practices? A.Social Darwinism and Laissez Faire Capitalism 6.What helped the myth anyone can make it if they work hard? A.Horatio Alger stories 7.In what 2 ways did Andrew Carnegie improve his public image? A.Gave away millions and the Gospel of Wealth 8.What provided new opportunities & conveniences for women? A.Electricity, Telephones and Typewriters 9.Why were some left out of the improved standard of living? A.Low wage and Low prices for their crops

43. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Note-Taking Study Guide Pages 106 and 108

44. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 4.3 Summary / New Information 1.Capitalism is: an economic system characterized by private ownership of property and the use of that property to make a profit. 2.Government provided business environment for entrepreneurs, to include: national bank; expansion West, opened region rich in natural resources and controlled Native Americans 3.Corporations gained power through mergers and monopoly 4.Transcontinental routes united the country and promoted economic growth and the development of a national market 5.Entrepreneurs used new technologies and new business tactics to create large corporations to control their industry 6.The Bessemer process prompted the success of Andrew Carnegie. Controlled the steel industry through vertical integration...monopoly 7.Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? 8.Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Congressional limits on Big Business 9.John D. Rockefeller most known for running Standard Oil and creating the Trust: Business organization to create monopoly 10. Concerns over monopolies contributed to: Progressive Movement 11. Leaders got wealth in late 1800s by creating monopolies and trusts 12. During the late 1800s the US Govt had little influence on business

45. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 4.3 Summary / New Information (Page 2) 1.Captains of industry justified practices with the ideologies of Social Darwinism and laissez faire capitalism 2.Horatio Alger stories supported myth that anyone could make it 3.Andrew Carnegie improved his public image with the Gospel of Wealth (G.O.W.) and gave away millions to libraries and universities. 4.G.O.W. says: Wealth helps society and govt` should not interfere 5.Rockefeller was philanthropist, after public scrutiny/anti-trust threat 6.Despite the higher prices, had a rise in the standard of living 7.Electricity, the typewriter and the telephone: gave opportunity to women in the workplace and new conveniences at home 8.Invention of the light bulb extended work hours in factories 9.Deflation and mass production lowered prices 10. Andrew Carnegie and JP Morgan both led the Steel industry 11. Best impact of industrialization was a large supply of cheap labor 12. Horizontal Integration: acquiring (take over) competing business 13. Industrial Age beginnings most associated with the late 1800s 14. Industrialization resulted in corporations controlling the economy 15. 19 th century industrialization is most associated with urbanization

46. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Farmers and workers formed political organizations to influence the government and claim greater political leverage and economic well-being for themselves Populist Party = created for Farmers and workers USHC-4.4 Explain the impact of industrial growth and business cycles on farmers, workers, immigrants, labor unions, and the Populist movement and the ways that these groups and the government responded to the economic problems caused by industry and business

47. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Objectives: 1.Discuss basic economic terminology such as supply and demand, inflation, deflation, recession, and depression 2.Describe agricultural advances seen by farmers in the mid-late 19 th century 3.Students will be able to identify some of the problems facing farmers, including railroad rates, lack of capital, and climate Responses to the Industrial Revolution

48. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Understanding Influence of Supply and Demand on prices: As a result of technology like steel plows, and land in the West, farmers produced an abundance of cash crops  Supply exceeded demand and the price fell As a result of lower profits: Farmers were unable to make payments on equipment loans, so equipment was repo’d Farmers’ Response: First responded by planting more; however, the greater the supply, the more prices fell Supply and Demand  Supply = item to sell  Demand = people wanting to by the item

49. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Farmers organize politically by electing representatives to state legislatures Farmers blamed railroads and banks for hurting profits  Railroads because of high prices to ship goods to market and to store crops prior to shipment  States tried to help by passing laws, known as Granger Laws, to regulate railroad prices  Supreme Court said states could not regulate prices for transportation across state lines because only the federal government can regulate interstate commerce o Supreme Court case: Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Farmers Organized Politically

50. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In response to farmers, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act to control railroad rates and practices  This set a precedent for regulation of business However, in a series of cases, the Supreme Court severely limited the effectiveness of this law  Just as they did with the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Federal Government Action

51. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.4 part 1) 1.How did farmers and workers respond to the influence of big business? A.Organized 2.Name one result of technology, like the Steel plow? A.Planted more 3.Explain the law of Supply and Demand? A.High Supply/Low Demand = Low Prices, etc 4.How did lower prices for goods effect farmers? A.Could not pay back loans 5.In what ways did farmers respond to lower prices? A.Planted more 6.How did farmers try to organize politically? A.Grange 7.Who and what did the farmers blame for hurting profits? A.Railroads 8.How did states try to affect railroad prices and what was the Supreme Courts response? A.Granger Laws…ruled unconstitutional 9.How did Congress help farmers and how did the Courts respond? A.Interstate Commerce Act…Freight Rate cases

52. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Farmers attempted to influenced the government through the Populist movement: The Populist Party supported:  The regulation of railroads and banking  Inflationary currency in the form of the free and unlimited coinage of silver, which Populists argued would help them get higher prices for their goods Populist Party (also called “The People’s Party) Populist Party = created for Farmers and workers

53. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Populist Party supported Government reforms to protect democracy from the influence of Big Business such as:  Popular election of Senators, the secret ballot, and a graduated income tax  Farmers attempted to ally with workers by advocating an 8-hour work day and restrictions on immigration Successful in electing Senators, Governors and State Legislators in the South and West…  But failed to win the presidency The Populist Party (continued) Populist Party = created for Farmers and workers

54. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Union: Organized association of workers formed to protect their rights and interests The Gilded Age saw the greatest movement toward organization, caused by deteriorating working conditions:  Long hours  Low wages  Unsafe working conditions  Changing composition of the work force (women, blacks) Unions (Labor Unions) Workers’ attempts to join together to protect themselves resulted in the development of unions

55. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Forced long hours and unsafe working conditions so management can hold down the cost of production The law of supply and demand was applied to labor:  More immigrants plus women and children; along with dispossessed farmers…all drove down wages  They paid people less because many willing to take it During the 1890s only 45% of unskilled workers (YOU TODAY!) earned more than $500 a year (poverty line) Management’s Role Pursuit of profit caused management to treat workers as replaceable cogs in the wheels of production

56. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Unemployment, injury and death were a constant threat  Labor unions developed to address these conditions Although unions advocated arbitration and opposed the strike, wildcat walkouts were blamed on the union Striking when others were seeking work undermined the effectiveness of the strike Prejudice native workers often resented foreign workers and wanted restrictions on immigration Public prejudices against ethnic groups created prejudices against labor organizations Closed Shop: Workplaces in which employers can only hire union members. This increased ability to negotiate Workers try to take Action

57. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Management used recent immigrants and African Americans as ‘scabs’ to break the strikes Management also did the following to control workers:  Employed private security forces  Economic pressure through: company ownership of homes and company stores  ‘yellow dog’ contracts (must promise not to join a union)  Blacklisting (telling other owners who not to hire them) Management’s Response How do you think this affected people’s views of African Americans and immigrants?

58. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.4 part 2) 1.What movement came from farmers and workers? A.Populist Movement 2.Populists argued _____would help get higher prices for goods A.Inflationary Currency—Unlimited Coinage of Silver 3.The workers’ attempt to join together to protect themselves resulted in the development of _______. A.Unions 4.What is considered the main reason unions were started? A.Deteriorating working conditions 5.______ __ ______ caused management to treat workers as replaceable cogs (pieces) in a machine? A.Pursuit of Profit 6.How was the law of Supply and Demand applied to labor? A.More immigrants, women, and children in the workplace 7.How did labor issues contribute to prejudices? A.Nativists hated immigrants who took the jobs for less pay 8.What are four ways management controlled workers? A.Security force, company home, yellow dog contract, blacklist 9.What is a Closed Shop? A.Workplace that can only hires union members

59. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Group Project: Create your own poster about Supply and Demand

60. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Local and national government took the side of management, protecting their property by putting down strikes and arresting strikers: Government used military troops in major labor incidents: These strikes proved: the government cared more about business than labor (workers)  The Railroad Strike of 1877  The Haymarket Incident  The Pullman strike  Pinkerton Detectives Federal Government’s Role Need four Groups to research and present these

61. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. As a result of violence during strikes, union members were associated with dangerous foreign radicals such as:  Socialists: Business is publically controlled & regulated  Communists: Property publically owned/pay by abilities  Anarchists: Absence, or nonrecognition, of any authority Nativist prejudices created animosity (hatred) towards labor organizations (included many immigrants) The arrest of the leader of the Pullman Strike led to the Supreme Court applying Sherman Anti-Trust Act to unions  This act, designed to control Big Business, was used against workers’ unions at the same time the court was finding that it could not be applied to Big Business Federal Government’s Role (continued)

62. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Organization of workers into craft unions of skilled workers led to success, through collective bargaining on bread and butter issues of wages, hours and conditions  Collective Bargaining: Negotiation of wages and other conditions, by an organized body of employees Skilled workers were more difficult to replace and so the threat of strike was more effective The average hours were still longer than the desired 8- hour day and wages were still very low Union effectiveness was undermined by the small number of workers who joined unions, 4% by 1900 Craft Unions

63. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The National Labor Union did not allow blacks so they formed their own: the Colored National Labor Union Labor unions were neither socialist nor communist, but association in the public mind of unions with socialism undermined the effectiveness of unions Cultural perceptions such as the Horatio Alger myth and Social Darwinism hurt sympathy from the middle class By the end of the 19th century, unions were not successful in changing workplace abuses. Due to: 1.Public perception of them as dangerous 2.Government support of Big Business Unions

64. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Election of 1896 was pivotal for farmers and workers  Featured William McKinley v. William Jennings Bryan The main issue was “soft” money (bills) versus “hard” money (coins) and bimetallism (Silver & Gold) vs. Gold  Underlying issue: who the government would protect: bankers and businessmen or farmers and laborers Featured Bryan’s “Cross of Gold” speech (in support of bimetallism), Front Porch campaign of William McKinley, the role of Big Business in securing McKinley’s election Workers voted for the Republican Party because they feared for their jobs and did not support an inflationary monetary policy that would raise the price of food  Republican William McKinley supported Gold Standard Election of 1896 (Gold vs. Silver & Gold)

65. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Farmers and workers were unsuccessful in using the democratic process (elections) to solve their economic problems because…  They failed to appeal to the growing middle class Their problems continued into the 20th century and were somewhat addressed by policies of the Progressive Era Fell onto hard times again in the 1920s with the policies of Republican presidents and depression Their issues were eventually addressed during the Great Depression (1930s) in the New Deal Farmers and Workers

66. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.4 part 3) 1.Give examples of how the government responded to strikes. A.Using Pinkerton Detectives or Military Troops 2.What caused union members to be associated with dangerous foreign radicals and what else caused animosity? A.Haymarket Riot 3.What led to some success by unions, and what was considered their three “Bread and Butter” issues? A.Craft Unions…Wages, Hours and working Conditions 4.Why were strikes by Craft unions more effective? A.Skilled workers are more difficult to replace 5.By the end of the 19th century, unions were not successful in changing the abuses of the workplace for what two reasons? A.Perceived Dangerousness, and Government supported owners 6.What were the two main issues of the 1896 election? A.Soft v. Hard Money and Bimetallism v. Gold 7.What was William Jennings Bryan’s speech called and why? A.Cross of Gold speech…spoke against relying on Gold alone 8.Why did workers vote for the Republican party? A.To avoid inflation

67. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. DEBATE: LABOR VS. MANAGEMENT Which side should the government take? Provide reasons from the lesson!

68. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Note-Taking Study Guide Pages 129

69. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 4.4 Summary / New Information 1.Farmers and workers formed political organizations to influence the government and claim greater political leverage and economic well- being for themselves. 2.Influence of supply and demand on prices. 3.As a result of innovations like the steel plow, American farmers produced a surplus…supply exceeded demand and prices fell. 4.Farmers first responded by planting more then by organizing politically 5.Farmers blamed railroads for high storage and shipping prices 6.State legislatures passed “Granger” Laws to regulate railroad rates but Supreme Court said only the Feds could regulate Interstate Commerce 7.In response, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act to control railroad practices, setting a precedent for regulation of business by the government…Supreme Court limited the effectiveness of this law 8.Farmers tried to influence the govt through the Populist movement. The Populist Party supported: the regulation of railroads and banking, unlimited coinage of silver, the popular election of Senators, the secret ballot, and a graduated income tax.

70. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 4.4 Summary / New Information (Page 2) 1.Farmers attempted to ally with workers by advocating an eight-hour day and restrictions on immigration. 2.Workers’ tried to protect themselves by creating unions. 3.The Gilded Age saw the greatest movement toward organization, fostered by, long hours, low wages and unsafe working conditions, and the changing composition of the work force. 4.Pursuit of profit caused management to treat workers as replaceable 5.Long hours and unsafe conditions resulted from management’s attempt to hold down the cost of production. 6.Law of supply and demand was applied to labor as immigrants came 7.Unemployment, injury and death were a constant threat 8.Striking when others were seeking employment undermined strikes 9.Management used immigrants and blacks as ‘scabs’ to end strikes 10.Management hired security forces, exercised economic pressure as well as ‘yellow dog’ contracts and blacklisting to control the workers 11. Government sided with management by putting down strikes and arresting strikers. Examples include: the Railroad Strike of 1877, the Haymarket Incident and the Pullman strike. 12. As a result of violence during strikes, unions were associated with foreign radicals such as socialists, communists and anarchists.

71. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 4.4 Summary / New Information (Page 3) 1.Nativist prejudices created animosity towards labor organizations. 2.Arrest of the Pullman strike leader, led to the Supreme Court’s application of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to unions. 3.Organization into craft unions led to some success through use of collective bargaining on the “bread and butter” issues of wages, hours and conditions because skilled workers were more difficult to replace 4.Union effectiveness hurt by the small number of workers joining union 5.19th century labor unions were neither socialist nor communist 6.Unions were not successful due to public perception of them as dangerous and to government support of Big Business. 7.1896 election was pivotal for farmers and workers because the underlying issue was which groups the government would protect 8.The main issue of the 1896 election was “soft” money versus “hard” money, and bimetallism vs. gold 9.William Jennings Bryan is famous for his “Cross of Gold” speech 10. In the 1896 election, workers voted for the Republican Party because they feared for their jobs and because they did not support an inflationary monetary policy that would raise the price of food. 11. Farmers and workers were unsuccessful in using elections to solve their problems because they failed to appeal to the middle class. 12. Farmers’ and workers’ issues were eventually addressed during the Great Depression in the New Deal.

72. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. As immigration increased, immigrants sought ways to participate in the democratic (voting) process Cities developed as a result of geographic factors:  First as centers of trade…  Then as transportation hubs…  Finally, with the beginning use of electricity, as centers of industrial production in the 19th century USHC-4.5 Explain the causes and effects of urbanization in late nineteenth-century America, including the movement from farm to city, the changing immigration patterns, the rise of ethnic neighborhoods, the role of political machines, and the migration of African Americans to the North, Midwest, and West Industrialization caused Urbanization

73. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Cities affected by technological innovations such as: the (Otis) Elevator Steel Girders Suspension Bridges Electric Trolley Cars Elevated Tracks and Subways Technological Innovations

74. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Cities grew as people immigrated from abroad and migrated from the farm to the city Farm technology played a role as farmers:  Produced more and sold it for less  Defaulted on loans  Lost their land and moved to the cities to find work Others came because of rich cultural life and excitement Majority of the American people still lived outside of urban areas before 1920 Why City Populations Grew The Statute of Liberty was the first site that greeted many immigrants arriving at Ellis Island…the reception center for those arriving by ship

75. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the late 19th century, immigration patterns changed as more immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe Nativism increased as Italians, Poles, Jews and Russians came to dominate immigration A movement to restrict immigration through a literacy test was not successful until the 1920s Immigration Patterns & Nativism

76. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many established immigrants helped the newly arrived to find jobs and housing  This impacted city politics as people voted for whoever found them jobs and helped them through hard times Although many political bosses were corrupt and used graft and bribery in awarding city contracts, they also helped immigrants to adapt, in exchange for their votes Ethnic neighborhoods grew because many immigrants were too poor to move beyond the port cities  Also popular due to fear of anti-immigrant attacks Immigrants: Ethnic Neighborhoods

77. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The power immigrant groups gave the urban political machine allowed city bosses to solve problems despite abuses from city bosses like New York’s Boss Tweed Crowded cities led to problems with: housing, sanitation, transportation, water, crime and fire Immigrants The Progressive Movement developed as a result of the need to address: Urban Problems and Political Corruption

78. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Most freedmen stayed in the South after the Civil War In the 1890s, the migration of African-Americans from the South was the result of:  Poor cotton yields and the boll weevil bugs  Jim Crow laws, intimidation and lynchings As prices for farm products fell, African Americans moved to the cities for job opportunities African Americans leave the South However jobs in mill towns of the South were not open to them So African Americans headed to the West in search of land and to the cities of the North and Midwest

79. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. African Americans found discrimination in the cities:  Often the last hired and the first fired  Used as strikebreakers (Scabs), therefore they suffered the resentment of striking workers  Relegated to (forced to live in) the least desirable parts of the city in segregated neighborhoods Move of black culture to North and Midwest cities resulted in a cultural renaissance after World War I African Americans in the City Great Migration: Movement of blacks from the south during World War I era as more jobs became available

80. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

81. REVIEW USHC-4.5 (Part 1) 1.How did immigration patterns change in the late 19 th century? A.More immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe 2._____ increased as Italians, Poles, Jews and Russians came? A.Nativism (Hatred of foreigners) 3. What practice was used to try to reduce immigration? A.Literacy Tests 4. What caused the emergence of ethnic neighborhoods? A.Too poor to move beyond port…and fear of violence 5. Who helped immigrants adapt to America? A.Other immigrants and city Bosses 6.What problems existed in crowded cities? A.Housing, Sanitation, Transportation, Water, Crime and Fire 7.Name a famous city boss? A.William “Boss” Tweed 8.The _______ _________ developed as a result of the need to address urban problems and political corruption. A.Progressive Movement 9.In the 1890s, why did blacks migrate from the South? A.Poor cotton harvest, Jim Crow laws, and factory jobs 10.What Supreme Court case agreed with Jim Crow laws? A.Plessy v. Ferguson

82. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Note Taking Study Guide Pages 112 and 114

83. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 4.5 Summary / New Information 1.Cities developed first as centers of trade, then transportation hubs and finally, with electricity, as centers of industrial production 2.Cities affected by innovations such as the elevator, suspension bridges, electric trolley cars, elevated tracks and subways 3.City populations grew as people immigrated from abroad and migrated from the farm to the city. 4.Farm technology played a role as farmers produced more and sold it for less, defaulted on loans, lost land and moved to cities to find work 5.Others attracted to cities because of rich cultural life and excitement 6.Majority of people still lived outside of urban areas before 1920 7.Immigration patterns changed as more came from southern and eastern Europe rather than northern and western Europe. 8.Nativism increased as Italians, Poles, Jews and Russians dominated 9.Move to restrict immigration through a literacy test was initiated 10. Many immigrants were too poor to move beyond the port cities where they landed. Thus ethnic neighborhoods grew. 11. Old immigrants helped the new find jobs and housing. This had an impact on city politics. People voted for those who helped them 12. Immigrants voted for neighborhood bosses in gratitude for the help 13. Although many political bosses were corrupt and routinely used graft and bribery, they also helped immigrants

84. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 4.5 Summary / New Information (Part 2) 1.The power immigrants gave to politicians allowed bosses to solve problems despite abuses under city bosses like NY’s Boss Tweed 2.Crowded cities led to problems with housing, sanitation, transportation, water, crime and fire. 3.Progressive movement developed to fix urban problems and corruption 4.Most freedmen stayed in the South immediately after the Civil War. 5.Migration of blacks from the South was the result of poor cotton yields, the boll weevil, Jim Crow laws, intimidation and lynchings. 6.As farm prices fell, blacks joined others in the move to cities for jobs 7.Jobs in mill towns of the South were not open to them. So blacks went West in search of land and to the cities of the North and Midwest. 8.In the cities, blacks were the last hired and the first to be fired. 9.Blacks used as strikebreakers; so they suffered workers’ resentment 10. Blacks lived in the worst parts of cities in segregated neighborhoods 11. Blacks moved to cities more during WWI as jobs became available 12. Movement of black culture to the North and Midwest resulted in a cultural renaissance

85. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Progressive Era OBJECTIVES 1.Discuss the origins of the Progressive Era 2.Describe early reformers including Jane Addams, muckrakers, Teddy Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson 3.Describe the women’s movement from Seneca Falls through the 19 th Amendment Section 4.6 Material

86. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. USHC-4.6 Compare the accomplishments and limitations of the women’s suffrage movement and the Progressive Movement in affecting social and political reforms in America, including the roles of the media and of reformers such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, Jane Addams, and Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson Progressive Movement developed as citizens organized into civic groups in response to city & workplace problems Progressivism was a movement of the middle class who objected to paying taxes to corrupt city governments and desired better city services Primarily concerned with making government more responsible to the needs of the people

87. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Progressivism was also the result of the role of the media  Writings appeared in inexpensive newspapers and books  The most famous muckraker was Upton Sinclair whose book The Jungle exposed the meat packing industry Muckrakers: pointed out the corruption of machine politics, power of monopolies, plight (troubles) of Indians, workers and immigrants They moved the government to take action Role of the Media: “Muckrakers”

88. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Analyze Muckrakers Cartoons Your gonna need a bigger boat We prefer our majority silent Opposition Budget

89. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. During the progressive era, many young educated women took a role in promoting social reform The movement for women’s rights that began at the Seneca Falls, NY Convention about suffrage intensified Women had opportunity for higher education at women’s colleges and new opportunities in factories and offices Fight for Women’s Rights Moving west helped women gain the right to vote Wyoming was first. Western states allowed the vote before eastern states  Historians attribute this to the role women played as pioneers

90. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Middle class women wanted political influence in solving the problems of city life and the workplace Black women formed an association to secure civil rights of African-Americans which included women’s suffrage Carrie Chapman Catt helped to found a women’s association to lobby for the right to vote Woman said they would clean up society and government  Therefore, they were opposed by the liquor industry and political bosses Fight for Women’s Rights (continued)

91. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Split over tactics as Catt’s organization lobbied state legislatures while others supported a national amendment  The amendment group was led by Alice Paul, engaged in marches and picketed the White House during WWI Suffragettes were attacked, arrested and held in prison 19th Amendment (1920): passed as a result of activism and the contributions women made to the war effort  Few ran for office or were treated equally at work Alice Paul campaigned for an equal rights amendment Fight for Women’s Rights (continued)

92. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Addams and other progressives advocated protection for child laborers. A federal child labor act was passed  But…the Supreme Court ruled the act unconstitutional Jane Addams should be associated with introduction of the settlement house, the Hull House in Chicago  Immigrants took vocational classes and got childcare Jane Addams (“Mother of Social Work”)

93. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.6 part 1) 1.The Progressive Movement developed as citizens organized into? A.Civic Groups 2.What are “Muckrackers”, and who was the most famous? A.Writers who pointed out corruption 3.The movement women’s rights focused on _________. A.Suffrage 4.Name two new opportunities that opened for women. A.Higher Education and Jobs 5.What area was the first to grant the vote to women and why? A.Wyoming (Western States)…role of women as pioneers 6.How were some suffragettes treated? A.Arrested, Force Feed in jail 7.What amendment gave women the right to vote? A.19 th Amendment 8. What 2 things are credited with women getting the vote? A.Activism and contributions of women to the war effort 9.Who is Jane Addams and what should she be associated with? A.Social worker…Hull House in Chicago 10.What did Jane Addams and other Progressives advocate? A.End to Child Labor

94. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Progressive movement started at the city & state level  Gained national support with the presidency of Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt T. Roosevelt was the first president to give support to the rights of workers…used his office as a ‘bully pulpit’  Required coal mine owners to negotiate with workers He passed legislation enhancing the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission over the railroads President Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt

95. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Supported government regulation through the Sherman Anti-Trust Act…this earned him the title “trust-buster” Protected consumers with the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act, prompted by “The Jungle” Conservation of natural resources with National Parks Founded the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party, which split the Republicans…gave the election to Wilson in 1912 President Theodore Roosevelt The Rough RidersBull Moose Party Cuba…1898 1912 Election Campaign

96. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.6 part 2) 1.President Teddy Roosevelt was the first president to give support to the ___ _ ______ when he used his office as a ‘____ _____.’ A.Rights of Workers…………………Bully Pulpit 2.How did President T. Roosevelt respond to a Coal Miners strike? A.Threatened to take the mines is owners did not negotiate 3.What did President T. Roosevelt do that affected the railroads? A.Enhanced power of the Interstate Commerce Commission 4.What phrase is President Teddy Roosevelt famous for? A.Speak Softly, but carry a big stick 5.How T. Roosevelt showed support for government regulation? A.Sherman Anti-Trust Act 6.What title was T. Roosevelt given for actions against business? A.Trust Buster 7.How did T. Roosevelt protect consumers and what prompted it? A.Pure Food and Drug/Meat Inspection Acts…”The Jungle” 8.How did President T. Roosevelt promote conservation efforts? A.Created National Parks 9.What political party did T. Roosevelt start? A.Bull Moose 10.What effect did his new party have on the election of 1912? A.Split the vote…gave election to Woodrow Wilson

97. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Note-Taking Study Guide Pages 131 and 138

98. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Woodrow Wilson was a progressive governor during whose presidency a number of progressive measures were passed: Clayton Anti-Trust Act: Exempted union from anti-trust law 16th Amendment: authorized a progressive Income Tax 17th Amendment: provided for Direct Election of Senators First Federal Child Labor Act: However, the Supreme Court later ruled the act unconstitutional President Woodrow Wilson 16th Amendment (Progressive Income Tax) 17th Amendment (Direct Election of Senators)

99. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Federal Reserve Act (Wilson) Federal Reserve is a bankers’ bank. Provides a safety net for bank failures by regulating money in circulation It made credit more available to farmers, protected the 8-hour work day, and provided workman’s compensation There are 12 Federal Reserve Banks in the system Federal Reserve Act: addressed the farmers’ demand for a more elastic money supply

100. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 19th Amendment (Women’s Suffrage) World War I limited the continuation/effectiveness of reforms because rights were limited due to wartime fears Wartime grain shortages and anti- German propaganda prompted the 18th Amendment…establishing Prohibition  Prohibition: Forbade making, transport or sale of alcohol Support for women’s rights grew due to female war-efforts  19 th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote 18th Amendment (Prohibition) World War One and Progressivism

101. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. During the 1920s, limits of progressivism were evident: 18th Amendment was impossible to enforce 19th Amendment did not result in real political change The traditional Republican Party won the election of 1920 and the enforcement of progressive legislation stopped The idea that government is responsible for welfare of all of the people would be revived in the New Deal The End of Progressivism Disillusionment with Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the very unprogressive Treaty of Versailles undermined the commitment of voters to progressivism

102. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Any comparison of the women’s suffrage movement and the progressive movement would include: 1.Both were middle class movements that employed the tactics of persuasion in order to pass legislation 2.Both used many educated supporters (especially women) 3.Both experienced significant opposition  While presidents supported progressivism, they did not advocate women’s suffrage. Wilson openly opposed it  Women eventually took more aggressive actions and marched and picketed to achieve their goal Women’s Suffrage and the Progressive Movement

103. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. REVIEW (USHC-4.6 part 3) 1.What were the 16 th and 17 th Amendments? A.16 th = Income Tax; 17 th = Direct Election of Senators 2.What hindered the effect of the Child Labor Act? A.Supreme Court called it unconstitutional 3.What exempted Unions from Anti-Trust laws? A.Clayton Anti-Trust Act 4.What is the purpose of the Federal Reserve? A.Bankers Bank…Control Circulation, safety net for bank failure 5.In what three ways did the Federal Reserve Act help workers? A.Credit more available, 8-hr work day, workers compensation 6.What is the 18th amendment? A.Prohibition 7. Why did support for women’s suffrage grow? A.Efforts during WW1 8. What Amendment granted women the right to vote? A.19 th Amendment 9.Women took what aggressive actions to achieve their goal? A.Marched and Picketed 10.What limited the continuation and effectiveness of reforms? A.World War 1

104. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Note Taking Study Guide Pages 133 and 140

105. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 4.6 Summary / New Information (Part 1) 1.Progressive Movement: citizens created civic groups due to city and workplace problems. The middle class objected to taxes to corrupt cities and wanted better city services; and actions from the media. 2.Media “Muckrakers” investigated corporations and pointed out the corruption of machine politics, the power of monopolists and the plight of Indians, the worker and the immigrant. 3.Most famous muckraker was Upton Sinclair; The Jungle exposed the meat packing industry. 4.Many young educated women took a role in promoting social reform. 5.Women had new colleges and new jobs in factories and offices. 6.Move west helped women gain suffrage. Wyoming was the first. West states allowed it before east. Attributed to role of women as pioneers. 7.Black women formed an association to secure civil rights/suffrage 8.Carrie Catt found woman’s group to lobby for the vote. 9.Women vowed to clean up society and government. Therefore they were opposed by the liquor industry and political bosses. 10. Split over tactics: Catt lobbied state legislatures, while others wanted an amendment. Led by Alice Paul, engaged in marches and picketing 11. Suffragettes were attacked, arrested and engaged in hunger strikes 12. 19th Amendment passed in part from activism and contribution to the war effort as nurses, public workers and factory laborers.

106. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 4.6 Summary / New Information (Part 2) 1.Jane Addams is associated with the settlement house, the Hull House in Chicago, immigrant neighbors had vocational classes and childcare 2.Addams and progressives advocated protection for child laborers 3.Progressive movement started at the city and state level, but gained national support with Theodore Roosevelt. 4.Teddy Roosevelt was first president to support rights of workers when he used office as ‘bully pulpit’ and required coal mine negotiations 5.Enhanced powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission 6.Supported regulation of the corporation through the Sherman Anti- Trust Act in cases that won him the title of “trust-buster.” 7.Protected consumers by championing the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act; prompted by Upton Sinclair’s, The Jungle 8.Teddy Roosevelt promoted conservation by creating national parks 9.He was founder and candidate of Progressive (Bull Moose) Party which split the Republican Party and gave the election to Woodrow Wilson. 10.Woodrow Wilson was a progressive governor during whose presidency a number of progressive measures were passed: a)Clayton Anti-Trust Act: exempted unions from the anti-trust laws b)The 16th amendment: authorized a progressive income tax c)The 17th amendment: provided for the direct election of Senators

107. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. 4.6 Summary / New Information (Part 3) 1.During his administration the first federal child labor act was passed 2.Federal Reserve Act: addressed the farmers’ demand for a more elastic money supply. It is still active as a bankers’ bank, providing a safety net and regulating money in circulation. Made credit more available to farmers, protected 8-hour day, some workman’s compensation 3.WWI limited progressive reforms and rights due to wartime fears 4.Wartime grain shortages and anti-German propaganda prompted the 18th amendment, establishing Prohibition 5.Support for women’s rights grew from contribution to the war effort 6.The 19th amendment: granted women the right to vote. 7.Wilson’s 14 Points and Treaty of Versailles hurt progressivism votes 8.Idea govt is responsible for welfare of people revived in the New Deal 9.Comparison of women’s suffrage movement and the progressive movement include: Both were middle class movements that used persuasion. Both used educated women. Both had opposition. 10. While presidents championed progressivism, they did not advocate women’s suffrage. Indeed Wilson opposed it. 11.Women took aggressive actions and marched/picketed @ White House