1. Lab 9 The Nervous System: Histology and The Brain

2. Objective 1 Neuron Structure

3. Multipolar Neuron model Dendrites (receive)  Cell Body (process)  Axon (send)  Axon Terminals (transfer) Axon Terminals Main parts of a neuron

4. Dendrites (receptive regions) Cell body (biosynthetic center and receptive region) Nucleus Nucleolus Axon (impulse generating and conducting region) Impulse direction Dendrite Neuron cell body Nissl bodies (rough ER) Neurofibrils

5. Impulse direction Neurilemma (sheath of Schwann) Schwann cell (one internode) Node of Ranvier Axon Axon hillock

6. Terminal branches (Telodendria) Axon terminals (secretory component) Impulse direction

7. Cell Body Spinal Cord Smear – Motor Neuron What you need to draw and label

8. Schwann cells - supporting cells of the PNS that myelinate axons. myelin sheath Schwann cell nucleus axon neurilemma Node of Ranvier Myelin sheath – whitish lipoprotein that surrounds and insulates the axon (nerve fiber) Neurilemma - external layer containing bulk of cytoplasm with nucleus and organelles

9. Nodes of Ranvier - Gaps between successive Schwann cells along the length of the axon

10. What you need to draw and label Node of Ranvier Neurilemma Axon

11. Objective 2 Neuron Classification

12. Pseudounipolar: -a short process emerges from the cell body and divides into proximal and distal branches -most sensory neurons soma Distal process (toward periphery)Proximal process (toward CNS )

13. Pseudounipolar Cell Bodies in the Dorsal Root ganglion of a Spinal Nerve

14. Spinal Cord Dorsal Root Ganglion Centrally located nuclei Pseudounipolar cell bodies

15. Bipolar neuron -a single axon and a single dendrite attached to opposite sides of the cell body -found in special sense organs (eye, ear, etc.) Bipolar neurons Human retina

16. Bipolar neurons Bipolar neurons in the human retina

17. Purkinje cell of the Cerebellum Pyramidal cell of the hippocampus Neuron from the cerebral cortex Multipolar: -multiple dendrites and a single axon -includes most neurons; all motor neurons and most CNS neurons

18. Multipolar neurons have diverse morphologies

19. Silver Stained Neuron In Gray Matter

20. Multipolar neurons Spinal Cord - Anterior Horn

21. Multipolar neurons you will be drawing Purkinje cellPyramidal cell

22. (Low Power – Cerebrum) Pyramidal cell

23. Purkinje cell (Low Power - Cerebellum)

24. Objective 3Nerves Nerves are structures of the PNS that consist of axons and dendrites bundled together by connective tissues Fascicle:a bundle of axons or dendrites Epineurium: tough, fibrous connective tissue sheath surrounding a nerve Perineurium: loose, areolar connective tissue sheath surrounding fascicles Endoneurium: delicate connective tissue wrapping around each nerve fiber

25. a = epineurium b= perineurium

26. perineurium endoneurium axon

27. LAB ACTIVITY Draw and label the components of the nerve cross section

28. Nervous System The Brain Sheep HumanHuman BrainBrain Brain

29. OBJECTIVES Identify the components of the human brain using models and diagrams Identify the structures of the sheep brain

30. Objective 4:Anatomy of the human brain Cerebrum (gold area) Diencephalon (Violet area) Brain stem (green area) Cerebellum (pink area)

31. Cerebrum

32. Fissure Sulcus Gyrus Ventricles Structures of the Cerebrum Cerebral Hemispheres Left HemisphereRight Hemisphere Gray Matter – Cerebral cortex & Basal nuclei White Matter – Myelinated fiber tracts (axons) Frontal cut

33. Structures of the Cerebrum Human Brain, Lateral ViewOccipital lobe lobe Frontal Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Gyrus Lateral sulcus Central sulcus Transverse Fissure Parieto-occipital Sulcus

34. Structures of the Cerebrum Human Brain, Superior View Longitudinal fissure Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Precentral gyrus Frontal pole Occipital pole

35. Midsagittal Section of Human Brain Corpus Callosum Fornix Septum pellucidum Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Frontal lobe

36. Internal Structures of the Cerebrum Frontal Section Corpus callosum Fornix Lateral Ventricles Septum pellucidum Longitudinal fissure

37. Diencephalon

38. Functions of the Diencephalon Endocrine System Relay Stations Thalamus

39. Structures of & related to the Diencephalon Midsagittal Section Corpus callosum Fornix Intermediate mass HypothalamusMammillary body Pineal body/ gland Thalamus

40. Pituitary gland Thalamus Hypothalamus Infundibulum Sella Turcica

41. Brainstem

42. Pons Medulla oblongata Midbrain: Corpora quadrigemina Superior colliculi Inferior colliculi Cerebral peduncle Spinal cord

43. Corpora quadrigemina Superior colliculus Inferior colliculus Brainstem Posterior Pineal body/ gland

44. Structures of the Brainstem Inferior View Midbrain (Cerebral peduncle) Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord Optic chiasma Infundibulum Mammilary Bodies

45. Cerebellum “Little Brain”

46. Arbor Vitae Cerebellar Peduncles Fourth ventricle Structures of the Cerebellum Midsagittal Section

47. Meninges of the Brain

48. A mnemonic PAD from deep to superficial the layers of the meninges are pia, arachnoid, dura (they pad the brain)

50. Cerebral Aqueduct Third Ventricle Fourth Ventricle Ventricles of the Brain The spaces within the brain through which cerebrospinal fluid flows

51. Cerebrospinal fluid is continually produced by the choroid plexus found in the ventricles Die-cast model

53. Objective 5: Sheep Brain Dissection

54. Identify the external structures Inferior Sheep brain structures are the same as the human brain, only slightly different sizes

55. Remove Dura mater (w/ pituitary gland) Identify the external structures Superior

56. Identify the external structures Inferior

57. Pull back the cerebellum to reveal Corpora Quadrigemina & Pineal Gland

58. Make a midsagittal cut through the brain

59. Identify the internal structures Midsagittal

60. Identify the internal structures Midsagittal Lateral Ventricle Third VentricleCerebral AqueductFourth Ventricle