1. Ch. 25, Sec. 4 pgs. 738-740 Industrial Revolution Unions and Reform Advanced World History Adkins 1

2. Unions Due to long hours and dangerous conditions, workers joined together in voluntary associations called unions. 2 Primary Goals – Improve working conditions and increase wages Collective Bargaining = negotiations between workers and their employers If factory owners refused demands, workers could strike (refuse to work) 2

3. Who was first? 3 Skilled workers led the way in forming unions. – Why? They are harder to replace

4. Government’s response 4 First, the British govt. refused workers the right to form unions (they saw them as a threat). Unions and strikes were outlawed. People continued to do it anyway. Eventually, the govt. unhappily tolerated unions. They later won the right to strike and picket.

5. AFL 5 In 1886, several unions joined together to form the AFL (American Federation of Labor) Later the AFL would join with the CIO Today, the AFL-CIO has 56 unions with 12 million members. Through a series of strikes, the AFL did get higher wages and shorter hours.

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7. Reform Laws Great Britain 7 Great Britain – Factory Act of 1819 - No children under 9 to work in factories. Children from 9 to 16 allowed to work a maximum of 72 hours per week with one and a half hours a day for meals. – Factory Act of 1833 – Kids 9-12 could not work more than 8 hours a day. Ages 13-17 could not work more than 12. – Mines Act (1842) – Prevented women and children from working underground. – Ten Hours Act (1847) – Limited workday to 10 hours for women and children who worked in factories

8. Reform Laws United States 8 1904 – the National Child Labor Committee was formed – goal was to end child labor (remember Lewis Hine) 1919 – U.S. Supreme Court objected to a federal child labor law; however, states were allowed to make their own laws.

9. Reform Movements Spread 9 Other reform movements rose in response to industrialization

10. Abolition of Slavery 10 Great Britain – William Wilberforce, a member of Parliament, led to the fight for abolition (the end of the slave trade). – GB abolished slavery in 1833 United States – Slavery ended in 1865 (following the end of the Civil War) The Americas – Puerto Rico – 1873 – Cuba – 1886 – Brazil - 1888

11. Women’s Rights 11 Even for women, factory work paid more than work done at home. However, female factory workers usually made 1/3 as much money as men did.

12. Equal Pay Act of 1963 Is it working? Year Women's Men's Dollar Percent Earnings Earnings Difference 2008 $35,745 $46,367 $10,622 77.1% 1998 $27,290 $37,296 $10,006 73.2% 1988 $24,774 $37,509 $12,735 66.0% 1978 $22,617 $38,051 $15,005 59.4% 1968 $18,836 $32,389 $13,553 58.2% 1963 $16,908 $28,684 $11,776 58.9% 12

13. So What Does That Men for You? The Wage Project, estimates that over a lifetime (47 years of full-time work) this gap amounts to a loss in wages for a woman of $700,000 for a high school graduate $1.2 million for a college graduate $2 million for a professional school graduate. 13

14. Education 14 Horace Mann (U.S.) pushed for public education. By the late 1800’s, public school was available in both the U.S. and Western Europe. FYI – Horace Mann had spent his childhood working at hard labor. “If we do not prepare children to become good citizens…if we do not enrich their minds with knowledge, then our republic must go down to destruction.” WHAT DO YOU THINK?