1. Grand Duchy of Muscovy

2. Moscow emerged as the “Third Rome”, replacing Constantinople. It believed it had a sacred mission to preserve civilization.

4. Ivan III (1440-1505) aka “the Great” inherited the bulk of his father’s patrimony (estate) -set a precedent for later rulers married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor

5. Ivan III challenged the Mongols in 1462 refused to pay tribute to the khan gained the support of neighboring princes

6. received support of the Church rebuilt the kremlin considered the first tsar Ivan “the Great”

7. tsar (czar) Russian for Caesar emerged as the ruler of Russia in late-1400s/early-1500s autocratic - crushed opponents

8. Ivan IV (1530-1584) grandson of Ivan III aka “the Terrible” (“Awesome”) considered cruel even by Russian standards

9. Moscow during the reign of Ivan IV.

10. I van IV succeeded father Basil III at age 3 as grand duke of Moscow -his mother ruled as a regent on his behalf

11. Ivan IV distrusted the boyars seized their lands made them answer to him established a secret police created a class of official bureaucrats (dvorianie) who were loyal to and answered only to him

12. Ivan IV’s legacy expanded Russian territory increased contacts with the West

13. Streltzi Russian musketeers were usually well-paid foreign mercenaries

15. The tsars (czars) which followed Ivan IV were weak in comparison.

16. Time of Troubles period of weak rulers many false tsars claim throne chaos leaves Russia open to invasion as a result of civil war and peasant revolts

17. Russians came to fear chaos, disorder, and invasion. Solution Strong, central government!

19. serfs who fled the principality of Moscow for the frontiers in the 14th and 15th centuries Cossacks

20. The Cossacks spread Russian culture where ever they went.

21. The Cossacks established free communities in the valleys of the Dnepr, Don, and Ural rivers and in parts of Siberia.

22. They became skilled fighters in the defense of their new- found liberties. Cossacks

23. They would eventually become the much-feared bodyguard of the tsars.