3. Made up of 40 different groups 200-800 BCE, their territory was as vast as the Roman Empire had become later on. It stretched from Ireland all the way to parts of Asia Minor, and south to parts of Italy, and also contained areas in Spain.

4.  Hallstat culture (Austria) 800-400 BC  Originally found in an area from Eastern France to Bohemia, the La Tene culture spread rapidly from about 400 BC.  The La Tene Celts settled in Spain in 450 BC,  in Northern Italy in 400 BC,  invaded Rome in 390 BC,  invaded Greece in 279 BC,  invaded Galatia (in modern Turkey) in 270 BC.  By 200 BC, they occupied the lands that are now Britain, the Netherlands, Brittany, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland.

6. La Tene Culture

7. Gallic Celts – Settled in Galatia around 270 BC. Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Part of the great Celtic migration throughout Europe Galatia was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace, who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC, following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC.

9. There are three sources of evidence to find out about an ancient civilization: Written or documentary sources (texts) Linquistics (spoken language) in the form of names or words referred to in classical Records, or place- names (locations) Archeology itself

10.  http://www.watson.org/~leigh/celts.html http://www.watson.org/~leigh/celts.html

13.  Emotional, passionate, heroic, wild, and drunken  Sensual, artistic, hospitable, instinctual  Proud, inventive, battle-loving  They were farmers and traders and also did some Agriculture  They traded metals, salt, Pottery, glass and coin ornaments

14.  The family was known as a clann  Extended family of generations  Group members were responsible for everyone in the clann  They lived in huts that were made from arched timber with walls made of wicker and thatched roofs

15.  “Beul aithris” (oral tradition) was passed down by grandparents, aunts, uncles, parents, foster parents  Children would be raised by another family “foster parents” to get educated in a certain trade  Foster parents were usually the brother of the birth-mother

16.  girls cost 8 heifers or 2 milk cows – stayed till age 14  boy cost 6 heifers or 1 1\2 milk cow – stayed till age 17  In the foster-homes the children learned the skills they would need later in life. For boys from the warrior class it was important to excel in warfare skills.

17.  When the clann had guests, they would have to do the best they could  Guests would make an offering  Guests would be expected to sing, play a tune, or tell a tale

18.  Homosexuality was common  It is not looked at specifically as bad behavior  It is acceptable if the terms of the marriage contract says so  Classical writers mention the widespread homosexual practice in celtic society, especially among groups like the Gaesataerians.

19.  Believe in the “otherworld”  A metaphor for their religion is the image of the dangerous journey on the sea  Their lives were a dangerous journey toward death  The circle on the cross is possibly the halo of the Christ figure  They built monastic communities in a circular design

20.  The communities were intended to be lived in communion with the earth, the sea and the Creator

21.  They believed in life after death “otherworld”  To be killed or to kill was not thought of as a negative act  It would give honor to the victim  If crops were failing or animals were falling to disease they would offer human blood to insure health of the population  Human sacrifices were made to insure a successful battle  They would be buried with jewelry to take to the otherworld

22.  Druids “very knowledgeable one” were important to the celtic culture  They could stop a battle  Responsibilities included: teaching the religious doctrine, medicine, civil justice, sacrifice, divination, and care of temples  To become a druid, school would take up to 20 years because it all had to be memorized  They performed animal and human sacrifices and practiced divination and other forms of magic

23.  “The King or Queen was the central part of the social structure.”  “They were responsible for harmony between the tribe and the land, and also for the prosperity of the tribe.”

24.  The Celts impressed the Greeks and Romans with their bold dress and powerful appearance. Generally characterized by classical observers as a people of fair hair, of red or gold, and fair complexions, (although the people of the British Isles were described as small and dark- haired) most Celtic women apparently stood taller than the average Roman citizen.

25.  Celtic women, upon reaching maturity, adopted a complex braided style for their hair, and wore dyed and embroidered dresses. Plaids, or wrapped woven cloaks, were common for men and women alike, and gold and silver torques and armrills, as well as rings, adorned wealthy Celts. Brooches that held closed the openings of dresses and plaids were another common feature of Celtic dress.

26.  Gallic men commonly spiked their hair and bleached it to an almost white color with chalky water, and wore their beards long, while the Bretons and Picts tattooed their arms and faces with blue. Many Danish and English bogs have yielded archeological evidence of cloth and dress, and Roman historians such as Tacitus also document some of the customs of everyday Celtic life.

27. Villages

28.  The myths and legends have a charisma of their own. Early myths were written down by Irish Christian scribes, who had heard them from the filids (Irish storytellers).

29.  Scholars have categorized the ancient tales of Ireland into four main categories.  1. The Mythological Cycle 2. The Ulster Cycle 3. The Cycle of the Ancient Kings of Ireland 4. The Fenian CycleThe Mythological CycleThe Ulster CycleThe Cycle of the Ancient Kings of IrelandThe Fenian Cycle

30.  These early tales of romance and tragedy feature the ancient gods of Ireland, such as Dagda and his son Oenghus, the god of love. It is now known that it was the early Christian Monks who first recorded these tales.

31.  sometimes known as the Cycle of the Red Branch Knights, the exploits of the warrior Cu Chulainn are retold in graphic detail. These are the stories of the great warriors who guarded Ulster from Eamhain Macha - the seat of the Ulster King Conchobar mac Nessa in Armagh. The saga culminates in the epic battle during the Cattle Raid at Cooley. As the centrepiece of the Ulster Cycle, this story is said to be Irish Mythology's nearest approach to an epic work like the Iliad.

32.  is said to mix both myth and fact to tell the tales of the rulers of Ireland from 300 B.C. as far 700 A.D.

33.  introduces the noble champion Finn Mac Cumhal (Finn MacCool), and his band of warriors known as the Fianna- often regarded as the Irish equivalent of Arthur and the Kings of the Round Table

38.  McCarthy, J., & Hague, E. (2004). Race, nation, and nature: The cultural politics of “Celtic” identification in the american west. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94 (2), 387-408.  Santmire, P. (2000). Celtic saints and the ecology of death. A Journal of Theology, 41 (4), 302-309.  Gaelic Celtic Culture. 10-5-05. http://homepage.tinet.ie/~kthomas/gaelic/gaelic1.htm http://homepage.tinet.ie/~kthomas/gaelic/gaelic1.htm  Celtic Britain. The Iron age. 600 bc – 50 ad. 10-5-05. http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Celtic_Britain.htm http://www.britainexpress.com/History/Celtic_Britain.htm  Mckinnon, S. Celtic Sacrifice. 10-5-05. http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/celt.html http://gallery.sjsu.edu/sacrifice/celt.html  Druids. 10-16-05. http://yahooligans.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry /druids http://yahooligans.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry /druids  Powell, T. G. E.(1983). The Celts. New York: Thames & Hudson.  Green, M. J. (1995). The Celtic World. New York: Routledge.  http://www.irelandunveiled.com/myths-legends.cgi http://www.irelandunveiled.com/myths-legends.cgi  http://www.watson.org/~leigh/celts.html