1. Seawater Chemical Properties

2. 2 / 33 Phases of Substances

3. 3 / 33 The Water Molecule Water is a polar molecule

4. 4 / 33 Properties of Water Cohesion - the ability of water molecules to stick to each other, creating surface tension. Adhesion – the tendency of water molecules to stick to other substances Thus, water can act as a solvent

5. 5 / 33 Properties of Water Heat is energy produced by the random vibrations of atoms or molecules. Temperature is an object’s response to input or removal of heat. Freezing point of waterBoiling point of water 0º C 100º C 0º C 100º C

6. 6 / 33 Water has a very high heat capacity Therefore, it resists changing temperature when heat is added or removed.

7. 7 / 33 Salinity Salinity is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water Typically expressed as 0 / 00 or parts per thousand (ppt) 35 0 / 00 is world average

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9. 9 / 33 Salinity  Salt = cation + anion  NaCl = Na + + Cl - –Na + has a positive charge (cation) –Cl - has a negative charge (anion) –SO 4 2-, Mg 2+, HCO 3-, Ca 2+, and K + –Also present are trace elements

10. 10 / 33 Salts in The Ocean

11. 11 / 33 Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + - + - + - + - + - + - + - +

12. 12 / 33 Is the ocean becoming progressively saltier with age? No! The ocean is in chemical equilibrium. The proportion and amounts of dissolved solids remain constant. This is known as the “steady state ocean.” What goes in = what goes out

13. 13 / 33 Salts going in must equal salts going out!  Salts come from: –Anions  Volcanic gasses –Cations  Minerals in rocks  Salts removed by: –Sea spray –Evaporites –Biologic processes  fecal pellets, shells –Magma at M.O.R.

14. 14 / 33 Important Factors: Freezing Evaporation Precipitation Run-off Decrease Salinity Increase Salinity

15. 15 / 33 The Hydrologic Cycle

16. 16 / 33 Residence time

17. 17 / 33 Salinity calculation S 0 / 00 = 1.80655 x chlorinity in 0 / 00 Also use salinometer © S. Leyva 2004

18. Physical Factors That Affect O 2 and CO 2 Levels

19. 19 / 33 Physical Factors Water Temperature Cold water holds more gas in solution than warm

20. 20 / 33 Physical Factors Partial pressure of the gasses in the atmosphere The higher the pressure of these gasses in the atmosphere, the more gas is held in solution Deeper waters = more pressure = more gas in solution Deeper waters = more pressure = more gas in solution

21. 21 / 33 Biological Factors Photosynthesis Consumes CO 2, produces O 2 + water Respiration Consumes O 2, produces CO 2 + water Decomposition (Organic matter decay) Consumes O 2, produces CO 2 + water Organic matter decays; releases CO 2 = biological pump

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23. 23 / 33 Where do the gasses come from? 1.From the atmosphere 2.Breaking waves / surf (aeration) 3.Volcanic eruptions 4.Phytoplankton

24. 24 / 33 O 2 and CO 2 Levels in the Sea Photosynthesis ALWAYS occurs in the photic zone Respiration mostly occurs in the photic zone Decomposition occurs at the sea bed Therefore, O 2 levels should be high near the surface, and low near the sea floor, and the opposite for CO 2 levels

25. 25 / 33 O 2 and CO 2 Levels in the Sea Lots of photosynthesis = lots of O 2 Time of day Highest at mid-afternoon, lowest just before dawn Season High in spring and summer, low in winter

26. 26 / 33 Acidity Of Seawater An acid is a substance that releases a hydrogen ion in solution. A base is a substance that combines with a hydrogen ion in solution. Acidity or alkalinity is measured on the pH scale.

27. 27 / 33 Acidity Of Seawater pH is measure of Hydrogen ions in water Higher pH = more basic Lower pH = more acidic More CO 2 = more acidic Expressed as numbers From 0 (acid) to 14 (base) Values for sea water are 7.5 – 8.4, 7.8 is average

28. 28 / 33 © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. The pH Scale

29. 29 / 33 Acidity Of Seawater pH related to CO 2 content Add CO 2 = more acidic Remove CO 2 = less acidic Respiration/organic matter decay = more CO 2

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31. 31 / 33 The carbonate buffering system: carbonic acid

32. 32 / 33 Acidity Of Seawater Increase CO 2  Partial pressure of CO 2 gas in the atmosphere  Animal respiration  Volcanic eruptions  Burning of fossil fuels, etc. Decrease CO 2  Photosynthesis, both on land and in the sea  Consumption of CO 2 by corals, marine clams and snails Processes That Affect CO 2 Levels

33. 33 / 33 © 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Many processes regulate the composition of seawater. The concept of a steady state ocean summarizes the idea that ions are added to and removed from the ocean at the same rate. Summary

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