1. Getting acquainted with “Bio-Nanotechnology” THE NEXT BIG THING IS REALLY SMALL Dr. Bhavesh Patel Principal V.P. and R.P.T.P. Science College Vallabh Vidyanagar Email – bhavesh1968@rediffmail.com

2. Nano-The First Thing that Clicks to Mind

3. Nanotechnology _______________________________________  “Imagine a world in which microscopic procreating robots are sent into the human body with the mission of detecting cancer cells, disassembling them out into the blood stream as waste products, & THEN…..  Imagine similar robots in the hands of a sinister force that decides to turn on entire continent into gray dust ………..Science Fiction or reality?” This can be possible with Nanotechnology.

4. Basics of Nanotechnology _ __________________________  NANOMETER – The term Nano is a Greek word for dwarf. Thus, nanoscience and nanotechnology involve studying and working with matter on an ultra small scale. A Nanometer (nm) is one thousand millionth of a meter and a single human hair is around 80,000 nm wide, WBC is 10,000 nanometer in diameter. DNA is 2 nanometer in dia.

5. Basics of Nanotechnology ____________________________  NANOSCIENCE Nanoscience is defined as the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale similarly

6. Basics of Nanotechnology ____________________________  Nanotechnology is defined as the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlled manipulation of size and shape at the nanometer scale (atomic, molecular and macromolecular scale) that produces structures, devices and systems with at least one novel/superior characteristic or property.  Nanotechnology thus covers a wide range including fabrication of functional nanostructures with engineered properties, synthesis and processing of nanoparticles, supramolecular chemistry, self assembly and replication techniques sintering of nanostructured metallic alloys, use of quantum effects, creation of chemical and biological templates and sensors, surface modification and films.

8. Nanotubes  Fullerene related structures consists of graphite layers rolled into cylinders closed at either ends with caps containing pentagonal rings.

9. Fullerenes  Also called as buckminsterfullerene/bucky balls.  Bucky balls (zero dimension)  Carbon nanotubes (1-D)  Carbon sheets (2-D)  Carbon nanodiamonds (3-D)

10. Why do nanomaterials have improved properties? 1. Nanomaterials have a relatively larger surface area when compared to the same mass material produced in larger form. This makes materials-  Chemically more reactive (materials that are inert in this lager form are reactive when produced in their nanoscale form) and  Affect their strength or electrical properties.

11. Why do nanomaterials have improved properties?  Quanta effects can dominate the behavior of matter at the nanoscale, particularly at the lower end.  This affects the optical, electrical and magnetic behavior of materials.  Materials can be produced that are nanoscale in-  One dimension (for e.g. very thin surface coatings),  In two dimensions (for e.g. nanowires & nanotubes)  In all three dimensions.

12. Why do nanomaterials have improved properties?  Materials reduced to the nanoscale can show entirely different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macro scale, enabling unique applications. For instance, opaque substance become transparent (copper), stable materials turn combustible (aluminum), insoluble material become soluble (gold). A material such as gold, which is chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at nanoscales.

13. Nanotechnology-A Multidisciplinary Subject NANO TECHNOLOGY ChemistryBiology Information Technology MathematicsEngineeringPhysics

14. In physics the field of microelectronics is moving towards smaller feature sizes and is already submicron widths. In chemistry improved Knowledge of complex systems has led to new catalyst, membrane sensor and coating technology which rely on ability to tailor structures at atomic & molecular levels. It also includes aerosol sciences and computer modeling. In biology, living systems have subunits with size between micron and nanometer scale and can be combined with non- living nano structured materials. Biotechnology and Medicine are the areas contributing to nanotechnology. In engineering the related areas to nanotechnology are precision engineering & materials science.

15. Is It Really New Term Nano-technology was coined in 1974 by Norio Taniguchi at the University of Tokyo, and encompassing a multitude of rapidly emerging technologies, based upon the scaling down of existing technologies to the next level of precision and miniaturization. Taniguchi approached nanotechnology from the top-down stand point, from the view point of a precision engineer.

16. Is It Really New It was K. Eric Drexler who popularized the word 'nanotechnology' in the 1980's, where he was talking about building machines on the scale of molecules, a few nanometers wide (bottom-up approach).K. Eric Drexlernanometers “Engines of Creation: The Coming era of Nanotechnology (1986) and Nanosystems” Photography and catalysis are the two examples of “Old Nanotechnologies” which arouse despite the limited ability of the times to probe & control matter.

17. Is It Really New I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously... The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big. — Richard Feynman, Nobel Prize winner in physics. “There’s Plenty of Room at Bottom”

19. Applications of Nanotechnology

20. NANO- TECHNOLOGY Current Applications Short Term Applications Longer Term Applications Other Applications

21. Current Applications ___________________________  Sunscreens  Cosmetics  Composites  Clay  Coating & surfaces  Tougher & Harder Cutting Tools

22. Short Term Applications ___________________________  Paints  Remediation  Fuel Cells  Displays  Batteries  Fuel Additives  Catalysts

23. Long Term Applications ___________________________  Carbon Nanotube Composites  Lubricants  Magnetic Materials  Medical Implants  Machinable Ceramics  Water purifications  Aerospace

24. Other Applications ____________________________ Other Applications Medical & Pharmaceutical Aerospace & Defense IT & Tele- communications Automotive & Transportation

25. Medical & Pharmaceutical _____________________________  Biomedical nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, nanomedicine are the hybrid term  Detection, analysis & discovery  Targeted drug delivery  Tissue engineering – replce conventional treatments like organ transplant  Anti-microbial, -viral, & -fungal agents

26. Medical & Pharmaceutical _____________________________  Biomedical nanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, nanomedicine are the hybrid term  Detection, analysis & discovery  Targeted drug delivery  Tissue engineering – replce conventional treatments like organ transplant  Anti-microbial, -viral, & -fungal agents

28. Automotive & Transportation _____________________________  50 components of the automobile will be affected  Structural materials  Coatings  Sensors  Displays  Catalytic converters  Fillers  Power

29. Aerospace & Defense _____________________________  Structural materials – lighter and stronger materials  Coatings  Fuel – reduction with size of equipment  Electronics & electromechanical systems  Weapons  Surveillance  Smart battle dress  Life support and environmental

30. Nanotech-based Bulletproof Clothing Impact on a Space System

31. IT & Telecommunications ___________________________  Photolithography  Electronics & optoelectronics − Processors − Data storage, molecular memory − Display technologies  Quantum computing  Wireless technologies  Optical transmission

32. Recent research ___________________________  Study and Analysis of Blue Morpho Butterfly Wing Nanostructures for Commercial Fabrication  Study focuses on photonic crystals found in scales of a butterfly wing, particularly the species blue Morpho Rhetenor butterfly. For studying these nanostructures, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) programs were used. FDTD program produces graphical display of reflected colors as result of light propagation. Purpose of this study was to find what method of fabrication is necessary to possibly reproducing these photonic crystals which can be eventually applied for commercial uses.

33. Recent research ___________________________ Researchers intend to develop adequate fabrication methods for commercial uses: Cosmetics Clothing Paints Fabrics Integrated Optics Components

34. Recent research ___________________________ The basic phenomenon behind photonic crystals is based on diffraction, or the bending and spreading of waves. Photonic Crystals Found In Nature

35. The Darker Side of Nanotechnology _______________________________  An arms race based on "smart" weapons of mass destruction (WMD) will be possible, such as a smallpox virus engineered to only kill people with a certain genetic trait.  The most frightening weapon of all natural aspirations for potential nano-hackers are the infamous self-replicating "gray goo" assemblers. Nano-Explosions -It’s a reminder that nanoscale research can have unpredicted consequences at a high level.

36. The dilemma with Nanotechnology _______________________________  Even scientists cannot predict what mix of good and bad will come out from any basic science discovery.  When Fleming discovered that a certain mould killed bacteria…. How could he know whether he found an antibiotic or a weapon?  So it is too early to predict which aspect of nanotechnology will be dangerous…. Because to limit nanotech research at this point will reduce the possible future benefits.

37. Indian Nanotechnology: Drivers, Restraints & Challenges ____________________________________ Drivers  Proactive government supporting Indian nanotech Initiative:$200 million has been allocated for the development & promotion of nanotechnology.  Very well established and globally reckoned industries are coming up which are taking initiatives for nanotechnology  Large pool of internationally qualified and well trained scientists.  Nanotech based products commercialization

38. . Restraints ______________________________________  Absence of consistent, aggressive and cohesive effort encompassing involvement of the academics, industry and government.  Deficient infrastructure support for proper instrumentation and research activities.  Dearth of well established training centers.  Absence of maintenance & expansion.  Dearth of mechanisms that support entrepreneurial and small company activities.  Inadequate interest for the Indian Industry in Nanotechnology.

39. Challenges ___________________  High capital intensive proposition.  Long gestational period of product development.  Require personnel with skill sets spanning diverse areas.

40. Indian Perspective ___________________________  Tiny Particles Target prostrate cancer Boosting Solar Cell Efficiency through nanotechnology

41. Indian Perspective ___________________________  Drug Delivery Platform National Nano fabrication Centers

42. Indian Perspective ___________________________  Nanoparticles : Propulsions System For Space Vehicles

43. The NANO-World in 2015 ____________________________  Nearly free consumer products  PC’s billions of times faster then today  Safe & affordable space travel  Virtual end to illness, aging,death  No more pollution and automatic cleanup of existing pollution  End of Famine & Starvation  Reintroduction of many extinct plants & animals

44. Educational Activities on Nanotechnology in Australia _____________________________  Queensland 1. B.Sc in Nanotechnology ( University of Queensland) http://chemistry.uq.edu.au/nbc/ 2. Nanomaterials Research http://nanomac.uq.edu.au/ 3.Bachelors of photonics & nanosciences www.sct.gu.edu.au/physics/ New South Wales 1. B.Sc in Nanotechnology ( University of South Wales) www.student.unsw.edu.au/ 2. B.Sc in Nanotechnology ( University of Sydney) http://www.nanomac.uts.edu.au/ 3. Bachelors of Nanobiotechnology http://www.nano.conc.uq.edu.au/

45. Educational Activities on Nanotechnology in USA _____________________________  National Science Foundation of Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center http://www.nsf.gov/  Nanoparticles process :Yale University  Nanotechnology : Virginia University  Chemistry and Physics for Nanomaterials : University of Washington  Nanoscale Physics: Clemson University Nanomanufacturing Process: University of Arkansas Nanoscale Science & Engineering: Prudue University Nanotechnology: University of Delaware Introduction of Nanoscience: Rice University Visual Quantum Mechanics: Kansas State University Nanoscale Science & Engineering: Yale University

47. With Nano World will be in your Hands : THANKS