1. Chemical Reactions & Catalysts

2. CHEMICAL REACTIONS a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals REACTANTS – elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction REACTANTS – elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction PRODUCTS – elements or compounds that are produced in a chemical reaction PRODUCTS – elements or compounds that are produced in a chemical reaction Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products. Chemical reactions always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products.

3. In a reaction, energy is either: In a reaction, energy is either: TAKEN IN (ENDOTHERMIC) or TAKEN IN (ENDOTHERMIC) or GIVEN OFF (EXOTHERMIC) GIVEN OFF (EXOTHERMIC) Can you think of an everyday example of each type of reaction? Can you think of an everyday example of each type of reaction?

4. Enzymes and Enzyme Action catalyst: inorganic or organic substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without entering the reaction itself catalyst: inorganic or organic substance which speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without entering the reaction itself enzymes: organic catalysts made of protein enzymes: organic catalysts made of protein most enzyme names end in -ase most enzyme names end in -ase enzymes lower the energy needed to start a chemical reaction. (activation energy) enzymes lower the energy needed to start a chemical reaction. (activation energy) begin to be destroyed above 45 o C. (above this temperature all proteins begin to be destroyed) begin to be destroyed above 45 o C. (above this temperature all proteins begin to be destroyed)

5. It is thought that, in order for an enzyme to affect the rate of a reaction, the following events must take place. 1.The enzyme must form a temporary association with the substance or substances whose reaction rate it affects. These substances are known as substrates. 2.The association between enzyme and substrate is thought to form a close physical association between the molecules and is called the enzyme-substrate complex. 3.While the enzyme-substrate complex is formed, enzyme action takes place. 4.Upon completion of the reaction, the enzyme and product(s) separate. The enzyme molecule is now available to form additional complexes.

6. How do enzymes work? substrate: molecules upon which an enzyme acts substrate: molecules upon which an enzyme acts the enzyme is shaped so that it can only lock up with a specific substrate molecule the enzyme is shaped so that it can only lock up with a specific substrate molecule enzyme enzyme substrate -------------> product

7. "Lock and Key Theory" each enzyme is specific for one and ONLY one substrate (one lock - one key) each enzyme is specific for one and ONLY one substrate (one lock - one key) this theory has many weaknesses, but it explains some basic things about enzyme function this theory has many weaknesses, but it explains some basic things about enzyme function

8. Factors Influencing Rate of Enzyme Action 1.pH the optimum (best) pH for most living things is close to 7 (neutral) the optimum (best) pH for most living things is close to 7 (neutral) High or low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity High or low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity A few enzymes (such as gastric protease) work best at a pH of about 2.0 A few enzymes (such as gastric protease) work best at a pH of about 2.0

9. 2.Temperature - strongly influences enzyme activity optimum temperature for maximum enzyme function is usually about 35-40 °C. optimum temperature for maximum enzyme function is usually about 35-40 °C. reactions proceed slowly below optimal temperatures reactions proceed slowly below optimal temperatures above 45 °C most enzymes are denatured (change in their shape so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme can't function) above 45 °C most enzymes are denatured (change in their shape so the enzyme active site no longer fits with the substrate and the enzyme can't function)

10. Temperature of Catalyst vs. Enzyme Functions

11. 3. Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate ** When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules -- the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off. ** When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules -- the rate of reaction will increase to a point and then level off.