1.  starter activity Stalin & Lenin never sat together for this photo. It was ‘remastered’ in photo lab at a later date. Why would anyone have gone to such trouble?

2. How siginificant was Lenin’s contribution to history?

3. The relationship between Lenin & Stalin (1921-24) Lenin withdrew from public life (from late 1921-March 1923) Lenin withdrew from public life (from late 1921-March 1923) Tensions between Lenin & Stalin, e.g. abuse of power in Georgia & Soviet Republics Tensions between Lenin & Stalin, e.g. abuse of power in Georgia & Soviet Republics ‘Lenin wrote ‘Letter to the Party Congress’ aka Lenin’s testament ‘Lenin wrote ‘Letter to the Party Congress’ aka Lenin’s testament Tensions between Lenin’s wife, Krupskaya & Stalin Tensions between Lenin’s wife, Krupskaya & Stalin A major stroke in March 1923 left Lenin without the power of speech. Why was this especially damaging for someone like Lenin?

4. Events surrounding Lenin’s funeral (1924) Widespread mourning – shops & business closed, images of Lenin draped in red & black Widespread mourning – shops & business closed, images of Lenin draped in red & black 3.5m filed past Lenin’s coffin 3.5m filed past Lenin’s coffin Stalin stage-managed funeral, e.g. discouraged Trotsky from attending, gave a speech at funeral Stalin stage-managed funeral, e.g. discouraged Trotsky from attending, gave a speech at funeral Why do you think so many ordinary Russians wished to see Lenin’s body lying in state?

5. The cult of Lenin (1918-) Cult of Lenin – a new religion to replace Russian Orthodoxy Cult of Lenin – a new religion to replace Russian Orthodoxy Lenin’s relations appealed for simple funeral Lenin’s relations appealed for simple funeral Lenin’s body embalmed Lenin’s body embalmed Lenin’s brain sliced into 30,000 fragments Lenin’s brain sliced into 30,000 fragments Lenin memorabilia, e.g. posters, matchboxes, Leningrad (aka Petrograd) Lenin memorabilia, e.g. posters, matchboxes, Leningrad (aka Petrograd) Where is Lenin now?

6.  Your task Read p.129-133 and create a scales chart identifying his strengths and weaknesses of his personality and achievements. Read p.129-133 and create a scales chart identifying his strengths and weaknesses of his personality and achievements. If you can, find out about the attitudes of Russian people to Lenin today. Write an obituary for Lenin, from the point of view of a traditional supporter of the Bolsheviks. Now highlight and annotate the aspects of his life that modernisers within the party would criticise and explain why. If you can, find out about the attitudes of Russian people to Lenin today. Write an obituary for Lenin, from the point of view of a traditional supporter of the Bolsheviks. Now highlight and annotate the aspects of his life that modernisers within the party would criticise and explain why.

7.  starter activity If Gordon Brown wishes to become the next PM what does he need to do to ensure he is successful?

8. Who was the strongest contender for the leadership of the Party?

9.  Your task Your teacher will assign you a contender for the party leadership. You will become an expert on the strengths and weaknesses of different contenders for the party leadership. Research your own leader from the list below and then complete a table your teacher gives you. Your teacher will assign you a contender for the party leadership. You will become an expert on the strengths and weaknesses of different contenders for the party leadership. Research your own leader from the list below and then complete a table your teacher gives you. Stalin Stalin Trotsky Trotsky Zinoviev Zinoviev Kamenev Kamenev Bukharin Bukharin Rykov Rykov Tomsky Tomsky

10. Stalin - strengths Genuine working-class background (mother a seamstress & washerwoman/ father a cobbler) Genuine working-class background (mother a seamstress & washerwoman/ father a cobbler) Hardworking – won a place at seminary Hardworking – won a place at seminary Admired Lenin’s writings (as a youth) Admired Lenin’s writings (as a youth) Party activist Party activist Fundraiser (raiding banks) Fundraiser (raiding banks) Reputation for toughness (‘man of steel’) Reputation for toughness (‘man of steel’)

11. Editor of Pravda Editor of Pravda Opportunist – 1919, used roll as Head of Peasants’ Inspectorate to familiarise himself with workings of govt. Opportunist – 1919, used roll as Head of Peasants’ Inspectorate to familiarise himself with workings of govt. Careerist – rapid promotion to Orgburo, Politburo & General Sec. Careerist – rapid promotion to Orgburo, Politburo & General Sec. Stalin - strengths

12. Stalin - weaknesses October Revolution – played little part October Revolution – played little part Antagonised leading Communists, e.g. Sverdlov & Trotsky Antagonised leading Communists, e.g. Sverdlov & Trotsky Reputation for ‘industrious mediocrity’, ‘a grey blur which flickered obscurely but left no trace’ (Sukhanov, 1917, died 1940 in a gulag) Reputation for ‘industrious mediocrity’, ‘a grey blur which flickered obscurely but left no trace’ (Sukhanov, 1917, died 1940 in a gulag)

13. Trotsky - strengths Rivalled Lenin in intellect & charisma Great orator Popular with youth & committed Communists Superb organiser (October Revolution, Civil War) Commissar for War – strong military support

14. Trotsky - weaknesses Personal weaknesses - arrogant & aloof Personal weaknesses - arrogant & aloof Lacked political skills – didn’t foster support among fellow Communist leaders Lacked political skills – didn’t foster support among fellow Communist leaders Radical & potentially divisive views Radical & potentially divisive views Poor public perception – seen as outsider & lacking party loyalty Poor public perception – seen as outsider & lacking party loyalty Ill health (possibly malaria) – absent for key meetings & events (Lenin’s funeral) Ill health (possibly malaria) – absent for key meetings & events (Lenin’s funeral)

15. Zinoviev - strengths Longstanding Bolshevik – active since 1903 Longstanding Bolshevik – active since 1903 Close to Lenin – arrived in Petrograd with Lenin, April 1917 Close to Lenin – arrived in Petrograd with Lenin, April 1917 Party Sec. in St Petersburg – able to build powerbase Party Sec. in St Petersburg – able to build powerbase Chairman of Comintern Chairman of Comintern Member of Politburo Member of Politburo Good orator Good orator

16. Zinoviev - weaknesses Opposed armed uprising in Oct. 1917 Opposed armed uprising in Oct. 1917 Disagreed with Lenin about formation of new govt. – exclusion of other socialists Disagreed with Lenin about formation of new govt. – exclusion of other socialists Lacked popular appeal – E.H.Carr, ‘weak, vain & ambitious’ Lacked popular appeal – E.H.Carr, ‘weak, vain & ambitious’ Not an intellectual Not an intellectual

17. Kamenev - strengths Active member of Bolshevik Party since 1905 Worked closely with Lenin from 1907-1917 Major contributor to party doctrine Party Sec. in Moscow Commissar for Foreign Trade Member of Politburo Moderate E.H.Carr, ‘Intellectually superior to Stalin & Zinoviev’

18. Kamenev - weaknesses Opposed Lenin’s April Theses Opposed Lenin’s April Theses Opposed armed uprising of October 1917 Opposed armed uprising of October 1917 Wanted socialist coalition govt. Wanted socialist coalition govt. E. H. Carr, ‘lacked vision’ E. H. Carr, ‘lacked vision’

19. Bukharin - strengths Appealed to youth Appealed to youth Major figure in party before 1917 Major figure in party before 1917 Close to Lenin – called him ‘the golden boy of the Bolshevik Party’, ‘the favourite of the whole Party’ Close to Lenin – called him ‘the golden boy of the Bolshevik Party’, ‘the favourite of the whole Party’ Contributor to Pravda Contributor to Pravda Member of Politburo Member of Politburo Intellectual & epicurean Intellectual & epicurean

20. Bukharin - weaknesses Led opposition to Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Led opposition to Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Criticised Lenin & Trotsky over trade union debate Criticised Lenin & Trotsky over trade union debate Lacked political skills Lacked political skills

21. Rykov - strengths Working class background Chairman of Vesenkha Chairman of Sovnakom Strong speaker Supporter of NEP & opponent of War Communism

22. Rykov - weaknesses Personal weaknesses – alcoholic Personal weaknesses – alcoholic Too outspoken Too outspoken Lacked political acumen Lacked political acumen

23. Tomsky - strengths Important figure in trade union movement – active member of metalworkers’ union Important figure in trade union movement – active member of metalworkers’ union Chairman of Central Council of Trade Unions Chairman of Central Council of Trade Unions Working-class background Working-class background

24. Tomsky - weaknesses Lacked senior position within party Lacked senior position within party Opposed Lenin over trade union debate (1920) Opposed Lenin over trade union debate (1920)

25.  Your task Ignore what you might know about who succeeded Lenin after his death. In 1924 who was the most likely candidate. Write a judgement paragraph, using detailed factual evidence to support your answer.

26. Read the soundbites by the leadership contenders and decide who is speaking.  starter activity Soundbites

27. What were the main issues in the leadership struggle?

28.  Your task Read p.139-141. Summarise the key issues surrounding the leadership contest. Use the following headings to help structure your notes: Read p.139-141. Summarise the key issues surrounding the leadership contest. Use the following headings to help structure your notes: Nature of leadership Nature of leadership NEP and industrialisation NEP and industrialisation ‘Permanent Revolution’ versus ‘Socialism in One Country’ ‘Permanent Revolution’ versus ‘Socialism in One Country’

29. Nature of leadership Collective leadership or rule by committee Collective leadership or rule by committee Reversal of centralisation process of Civil War Reversal of centralisation process of Civil War Fear of dictatorship Fear of dictatorship Fear of Trotsky (Commander of Red Army, Commissar for War) Fear of Trotsky (Commander of Red Army, Commissar for War) Need for a moderate candidate Need for a moderate candidate To what extent were Russians justified in thinking there might be a dictatorship?

30. NEP and industrialisation Consensus on need to industrialise Consensus on need to industrialise Concern over negative effects of NEP – rich superclass, property dealing, land speculation, gambling, prostitution Concern over negative effects of NEP – rich superclass, property dealing, land speculation, gambling, prostitution Arguments over next stage of NEP Arguments over next stage of NEP High unemployment High unemployment Wages out of step with price increases Wages out of step with price increases Reemergence of food shortages Reemergence of food shortages Peasants beginning to hoard produce again Peasants beginning to hoard produce again

31. What do we mean by left and right-wing politics? How would this apply to the Communist Party? Who would be on the left and who would be on the right?

32. NEP and industrialisation Disagreement over when & how to end NEP experiment Disagreement over when & how to end NEP experiment Trotsky, Zinoviev & Kamenev (left): end NEP, militarisation of labour, forced requistioning of grain Trotsky, Zinoviev & Kamenev (left): end NEP, militarisation of labour, forced requistioning of grain Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky (right): continue NEP, develop consumer economy to encourage manufacturing industry Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky (right): continue NEP, develop consumer economy to encourage manufacturing industry

33. ‘Permanent Revolution’ versus ‘Socialism in One Country’ Permanent Revolution Permanent Revolution Hard-line Communism – militarisation of labour, collective farming etc Hard-line Communism – militarisation of labour, collective farming etc Trotsky Trotsky Needed international support -world Communist revolution required Needed international support -world Communist revolution required Socialism in one country Moderate Communism – flexible response to USSR’s needs Stalin Nationalist appeal

34.  Your task In the light of your research into the key issues of the leadership contest, which of the candidates do you now think was most likely to succeed? Write a short judgement paragraph explaining your reasons using detailed, factual evidence.

35.  Your task Study chart 9C on p. 142 and list the ways Stalin built up his power base. Which was the most important?

36. Party Secretary Controlled business of Politburo (policy making body of Communist Party) Controlled business of Politburo (policy making body of Communist Party) Controlled agendas & discussions Controlled agendas & discussions Controlled information sent out to party members Controlled information sent out to party members Stalin with his wife Nadya

37. Positions in Orgburo & Secretariat Orgburo (Party administration department) Controlled appointments within Party Placed supporters in key positions Made appointments & dispensed favours to regional party secretaries

38. Control of Party Organisation Controlled selection of party delegates to annual congresses where policy decided and Central Committee chosen Controlled selection of party delegates to annual congresses where policy decided and Central Committee chosen Deliberately chose delegates hostile to opponents, e.g. Trotsky (1924 congress) Deliberately chose delegates hostile to opponents, e.g. Trotsky (1924 congress) Stalin’s position attracted powerful supporters, e.g. Zinoviev & Kamenev Stalin’s position attracted powerful supporters, e.g. Zinoviev & Kamenev

39. Control of Party Membership Purged party of radical elements, e.g. students & soldiers Supervised ‘Lenin Enrolment’ (1924/5) doubling membership to 1 million New membership were non- ideological & poorly educated, drawn to Stalin’s nationalist policies

40. How did Stalin actually become leader?

41.  Your task Even today politics is defined by those who are ‘on the right’ and those who are ‘on the left’. What do these terms mean for politicians today? What do you think they meant for politicians in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution? The House of Commons  starter activity

42. Two wings of Communist Party Zinoviev Kamenev Bukharin

43. Two wings of Communist Party Left Wing Individuals like Zinoviev, Kamenev Individuals like Zinoviev, Kamenev Liked Trotsky but didn’t want a dictatorship Liked Trotsky but didn’t want a dictatorship Liked traditional Bolshevik ideals Liked traditional Bolshevik ideals Suspicious of NEP & return of capitalism Suspicious of NEP & return of capitalism ‘Permanent Revolution’ ‘Permanent Revolution’ Right Wing Individuals like Bukharin Liked NEP Liked industrialisation & expansion of Russian economy Socialism on one country

44.  Your task Create a timeline showing achievements and set backs. Mark on the timeline any points at which his career might have been stopped when Lenin was alive or during the power struggle. Successes Failures

45. Stalin’s six steps to power! 1. Before Lenin’s funeral Stalin tricks Trotsky into not coming. People think Trotsky can’t be bothered to turn up. Stalin, meanwhile, makes a stirring speech praising Lenin and saying he was Lenin’s disciple. Why was it so important to be seen at Lenin’s funeral?

46. 2. May 1924, just before 13 th Party Congress, Central Committee decided not to publish Lenin’s testament, as it contained criticisms of them as well as Stalin & may have overly favoured Trotsky What sorts of criticisms do you think Lenin might have made of Stalin?

47. 3. In 1924, 13 th Party Congress, Zinoviev & Kamenev join forces with Stalin to defeat Trotsky. Stalin (party secretary) packs Congress with supporters. Trotsky lost the vote due to his support for ‘ban on factions’ and soon his job as Commissar for the War. Why was Commissar for War such a powerful post within the Politburo?

48. 4. 1924, Zinoviev & Kamenev attack Trotsky on his support for Lenin. Trotsky publishes ‘Lessons of October’ challenging their loyalty to 1917 Revolution. Stalin sits back & watches opponents destroy each other. Stalin played a very clever political game. Why didn’t his rivals do the same?

49. 5. 1926, Stalin turns on Zinoviev & Kamenev, joining forces with Bukharin and the right of the party attracted by nationalist ‘Socialism in One Country’ policy. Stalin supporters pack the Congress and Zinoviev and Kamenev lose vote of no confidence & their jobs in the Politburo. Trotsky, Kamenev & Zinoviev form ‘United Opposition’ movement and in 1927 expelled from party. Stalin played a very clever political game. Why didn’t his rivals do the same?

50. 6. 1928, Stalin attacks Bukharin and supporters of the NEP. Proposes rapid industrialisation & militarised labour (views of the left he has smashed!) Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky out-voted, expelled from Politburo What were the main risks in expelling these men from the Communist Party?

51. By 1929, his 50 th birthday, Stalin was undisputed leader of the USSR. What do you think Stalin’s next steps would be in further securing his position?

52. What happened to Trotsky?

54. Discussion Discussion Do you think Trotsky was partly to blame for his own death?

55.  Your task Read the sources 9.3-9.10 and identify reasons they provide as to why Stalin eventually became leader. Use the table below to guide you. Importance of control of party Policies Stalin’s personal characteristics Weaknesses of opponents Luck

56.  Your task List the reasons why Stalin succeeded to the leadership of the party and the reasons why Trotsky failed. List the reasons why Stalin succeeded to the leadership of the party and the reasons why Trotsky failed. What evidence would you use to support these judgements? What evidence would you use to support these judgements? Write an essay entitled, ‘Why did Stalin rather than Trotsky emerge as the leader of the USSR in 1929’. Write an essay entitled, ‘Why did Stalin rather than Trotsky emerge as the leader of the USSR in 1929’.