1. TRANSMISION LINE PROTECTION USING GPS PRESENTED BY:- KAJAL MOR 11001507013 M.TECH(PS)

2. OVERVIEW OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION GPS TECHNIQUE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM FAULT LOCATION CAUSES OF FAULTS

3. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION A new technique for the protection of transmission system. Relays are installed at each bus- bar in a transmission network. Relay contains a fault detection system together with a communication unit. Relay determine the location of fault.

4. WHAT IS GPS? WHAT IS GPS? Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made-up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit. Originally intended for military applications. Allows precise determination of location, velocity, direction and time.

5. HOW GPS WORKS? HOW GPS WORKS? GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day. Transmit signal information to earth. Receivers take this information and calculate the user's exact location. Accurate 3-D location require four satellites. 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about 12,000 miles above us.

6. THE GPS SATELLITE SYSTEM Example:-GPS tracking device receives information from the satellite network which triangulates via multiple satellites to deliver an accurate location and speed of vehicles and individuals. The information is stored in the GPS tracker memory and is then transferred to the server via the mobile network. Our server then transfers the data to a web based portal where you can check on location, time, speed, fuel and more. All information can be accessed 24/7 and data can be stored on our servers for an agreed period of time.

7. WHAT’S THE SIGNAL? GPS satellites transmit two low power radio signals. A GPS signal contains three different bits of information. -a pseudorandom code, -ephemeris data, -almanac data.

8. HOW ACCURATE IS GPS? Today's GPS receivers are extremely accurate. GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters on average. Newer GPS receivers with WAAS(Wide Area Augmentation System) capability can Improve accuracy to less than three meters on average. Increased accuracy to within an average of three to five meters.

9. SOURCES OF GPS SIGNAL ERRORS SOURCES OF GPS SIGNAL ERRORS Ionosphere and troposphere delays. Signal multipath. Receiver clock errors. Number of satellites visible. Satellite geometry/shading. Intentional degradation of the satellite signal.

10. TRANSMISSION SYSTEM TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

11. LOCATION OF FAULT LOCATION OF FAULT Save time and resources for the electric utility industry. Determine “distance to fault” from a transmission line end. Aid in fast restoration of power. Communication systems can retrieve fault location information.

12. TRANSMISSION LINES TRANSMISSION LINES

13. TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION USING GPS

14. WHAT IS TRAVELLING WAVE FAULT LOCATION? Faults on the power transmission system cause transients that propagate along the transmission line as waves. Fault location can then be obtained by multiplying the wave velocity by the time difference in line ends.

15. BENEFITS OF TRAVELING WAVE FAULT LOCATION Early fault locators used pulsed radar. Radar equipment is typically mobile or located at substations and requires manual operation. Impedance-based fault locators are a popular means of transmission line fault locating. Travelling wave fault locators are becoming popular where higher accuracy is important. GPS-based sub microsecond timing system has proven reliable in several utility travelling wave projects.

16. TRAVELLING WAVE FAULT LOCATION THEORY Travelling wave fault locators make use of the transient signals generated by the fault. Unlike impedance based fault location systems, the travelling wave fault location affected by load conditions. Precisely synchronized clocks are the key element in the implementation of this fault location technique. The required level of clock accuracy has only recently been available at reasonable cost with the introduction of the Global Positioning System.

17. The voltage and current at any point x obey the partial differential Equations:- ∂e/∂x=-L∂I/∂t and ∂I/∂x =-C ∂e/∂t Where L and C are the inductance and capacitance of the line per unit length. CONTD...

18. POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FAULTS

21. CONCLUSION Thus the use of GPS in protection of transmission systems is beneficial in the respects like -Value regarding programmatic goals -Technical merit -Overall performance