1. Topographic Maps Latitude Longitude 3-D in 2-D Lines of Contour

2. Terms Equator Poles Latitude Parallels Prime meridian Longitude Greenwich mean time Isolines Isotherm Isobars Contour lines Topographic map Contour interval Topographic Profile Zenith Celestial Sphere Celestial Pole Celestial Equator Meridian Nadir Declination Right Ascension Horizon Asterism Constellation

3. Latitude Parallel lines that circle the earth from east to west The equator is the zero latitude line Numbers count up from zero to the north and south reaching 90 at the poles.

4. Latitude Using North Star Astrolabe –Align the straw with the North Star the Angle at which the paper clip hangs tells you’re your latitude

5. Longitude Meridians run north and south from pole to pole Lines are numbered from the prime meridian at 0 out east and west to 180 The prime meridian runs through Greenwich, England

6. Time Zones Based on observations of the Sun Noon it the time when the sun reaches its highest point in the sky. From the Prime Meridian the sun moves 15° in 1hr –eg. Greenwich (outside London) Mean Time (the time at the Prime Meridian) is 5 hr behind NYC –15° x 5hr = 75° –NYC is at about 75° West Latitude

7. 3-D in 2-D Topo maps show topography by using the contour interval –Topography is the natural and manmade landforms of an area

8. Scale All Maps and Models have a scale Topo maps are 1:24,000 –eg. 1cm of the map = 24,000 cm in the real world –One finger on the map = ? –One elephant on the map = ?

9. Lines of contour A line of equal elevation Bold lines show are labeled with their value others show either a rise or fall in elevation

10. Contour lines Used to show the land forms Close together = steep Far apart = flat

11. Mountains; Rivers and Valleys Mountains –Circles get smaller as we reach the tops of mountains Rivers and Valleys –Create a V-shape pattern –The “V” points up hill