1. ASSIGNMENT Advanced Grammar ch. 7

2. 3 MINUTE. FREEWRITE What is a topic that really interests or impassions you? Please freewrite a quick paragraph on this. We are going to work on revising it using the schemes today.

3. SCHEMES

4. EFFECTS OF SCHEMES Order ideas, events, or things—structure reality Signal level of formality Control level of emotions Show off your wit Enlist reader collaboration

5. PARALLELISM Placing grammatically equivalent items in coordinated pairs or series to suggest similarities in meaning. It also makes things easier to read through known structures. Ex: At work, at school, at home--he was always busy.

6. ISOCOLON A special case of parallelism when phrases and clauses are not only parallel but equal in length. Ex: Gettysburg Address: "But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate -- we cannot consecrate -- we cannot hallow -- this ground." (a. from homework) Intellectual gain can be imaginative loss.

7. ANTITHESIS Setting contrasting words, phrases, clauses, or ideas side by side To err is human; to forgive divine.

8. 3-4 MINUTES REVISION Revise 1-2 sentences in your freewrite using one of the schemes. Be ready to share which you used and how. Parallelism: placing grammatically equivalent items in coordinated pairs or series Isocolon: a special case of parallelism when phrases and clauses are not only parallel but equal in length Antithesis: Setting contrasting words, phrases, clauses, or ideas side by side.

9. ELLIPSIS A word or group of words is omitted but easily recoverable from the context. Often a shared grammatical feature is omitted. Ex: In my school-boy days I had no aversion to slavery. I was not aware that there was anything wrong about it.…In Hannibal we seldom saw a slave misused; on the farm, never.– Mark Twain Ex: (homework e.) “Openly. My Father.” “…women who…”

10. ASYNDETON Conjunctions and other connectives are omitted between words, phrases, or clauses. (homework d.) You can brick up your heart as stout and tight and hard and cold and impregnable as you possibly can and down it comes in an instant, felled by a woman’s second glance, a child’s apple breath, the shatter of glass in the road, the words “I have something to tell you,” a cat with a broken spine dragging itself into the forest to die, the brush of your mother’s papery ancient hand in the thicket of your hair, the memory of your father’s voice early in the morning echoing from the kitchen where he is making pancakes for his children. (Doyle 196)

11. POLYSYNDETON More conjunctions and other connections than usual between words, phrases, etc. to slow the pace or surprise by deviating from expected sentence structure. Ex: And the minute his heart didn’t feel quite so tight, he whizzed with his load through the bright morning light and he brought back the toys! And the food for the feast! And he…HE HIMSELF…! The Grinch carved the roast boast!—How the Grinch Stole Christmas.

12. 3-4 MINUTES REVISION Revise 1-2 sentences in your freewrite using one of the schemes. Be ready to share. Ellipsis: a word or group of words is omitted but easily recoverable from the context. Often a shared grammatical feature is omitted. Asyndeton: conjunctions and other connectives are omitted between words, phrases, or clauses. Polysyndeton: more connections than usual

13. ANASTROPHE Inverted word order (syntax) to emphasize or deemphasize. Also to alter arrangement of new and old information for cohesion. Ex: Adventure, excitement--a Jedi craves not these things. –Yoda

14. PARENTHESIS Inserting a word, phrase, or clause into a sentence— often functions as an editorial comment or aside. Ex: “[The man’s] age was on the older side of completely indeterminate. If you picked a number at random, he was probably a little older than that, but—well, it was impossible to tell.”(Adams Dirk Gently’s Holistic Detective Agency 13) Ex: “Behold the silvery river—in it the splashing horses, loitering, stop to drink” (Whitman “Cavalry Crossing a Ford” 3).

15. 3-4 MINUTES REVISION Revise 1-2 sentences in your freewrite using one of the schemes. Be ready to share. Anastrophe: inverted word order (syntax) Parenthesis: inserting a word, phrase, or clause into a sentence—often functions as an editorial comment or aside.

16. ANAPHORA Repeating a word or group of words at the beginnings of successive phrases or clauses to raise emotional intensity and/or adopt a more formal footing. Ex: (homework e.) “We all knew…”

17. EPISTROPHE Repeating items at the end of sentences, phrases, or clauses for emphasis and a formal style. Ex: Mother Teresa's saying (handout).

18. ANTIMETABOLE Items repeated in reverse order. Can be “verbal judo,” or highlight reciprocity or a contrast. Mystery Men: The Sphinx: “If you don’t control your anger…” Mr. Furious: “…my anger will control me? That’s what you were going to say wasn’t it?!” (b. from homework) The best of men are but men at best.

19. CLIMAX Items in a series that increase or decrease in strength or suggest a narrative or progressive change. Ex: Martin Luther King Jr. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” (handout)

20. 3-4 MINUTES REVISION Revise 1-2 sentences in your freewrite using one of the schemes. Be ready to share. Anaphora: repeating a word or group at beginnings Epistrophe: Repeating items at the end Antimetabole: Items repeated in reverse order Climax: Items in a series that increase or decrease or suggest a narrative or progressive change

21. ASSIGNMENT Advanced Grammar ch. 7