1. Land and Land Use Notes These notes and the “Soil Lab notes” are what you need to know for this Unit.

2. Land classifications Urban- land with buildings and roads with a population over 2500 rural- any area that does not meet the urban classification

3. Primary Land Use Rangeland-land used by graze livestock and wildlife Forest Land- Land use for growing and harvesting wood Farm and Cropland- Land use to grow plants

4. Primary Land Use (continued) Park and Preserves- Land use for recreation and scenic enjoyment Urban Land- Land use for houses, businesses, industry, and roads Wetlands, Mountains, Deserts, and others- Land that is difficult to use

5. Primary Land Use (continued) Park and Preserves- Land use for recreation and scenic enjoyment Urban Land- Land use for houses, businesses, industry, and roads Wetlands, Mountains, Deserts, and others- Land that is difficult to use

6. Where we live Until about the 1850’s we use to live in rural areas. These mainly consisted of farmers, forest managers, local miners, mills, or other types of manufacturers. this pattern changed after the industrial revolution.

7. Supporting urban areas Rural land supported by a person has many dependents, for example: climate, the standard of living, and how efficiently resources are used. An average person in a developed country uses about 8 hectares of land and water. in the United states uses more than 12 hectares.

8. Ways Ecosystems Benefit us humans and all other living organisms: Purification of air and water Regulation of climates Maintenance of biodiversity Aesthetic Beauty

9. Rural Land

10. RURAL LANDS the definition: an area of open land commonly used for farming. primarily made up of grassy plains with few trees.

11. Range land covers 27% of US land This land is used for livestock and also for wildlife Known for its shrubby vegetation it occupies 40-50% of the land on Earth

12. Forest Land Covers 30% of US land It’s used for growing wood It’s also used for harvesting wildlife, fish, nuts, and other resources Forests absorb 40% of the world's carbon dioxide

13. Farm or Cropland Farmland covers 13% of US land Farmland has to be protected against anyone who try’s to pave it and make the farmland disappear The Farmland Protection Program was set up for this reason

14. Parks and Preserves Covers 14% of US Land It’s used for recreation and scenic enjoyment It preserves native animal and plant communities and ecosystems There are 61 protected parks in the US

15. Urban Land Definition: the area surrounding a city Urban Land makes up 3% of the land in the U.S. 81% of the U.S.’s population resides in urban areas

16. What is Urbanization? -One main reason for leaving rural areas is better paying jobs in towns and cities. -In 1960, 70% of the U.S. population was classified as urban. -Metropolitan areas are many small towns that have grown together and formed larger urban areas, such as New York. Urbanization-the movement of people from rural areas to cities.

17. The Urban Crisis -Rapidly growing populations can overwhelm the infrastructure and lead to traffic jams, substandard housing, and polluted air and water. -Infrastructure is all of the things that a society builds for public use, such as roads, sewers, railroads, bridges canals, fire and police stations, schools, libraries, hospitals, water mains, and power lines.

18. Urban Sprawl -This expansion results from the building suburbs or housing and associated commercial buildings on the boundary of a larger town. -Urban Sprawl is just another word for Urbanization. -Urban sprawl is the rapid expansion of a city into the countryside around the city.

19. Development on Marginal Lands Marginal land - land that is poorly suited for building. ex: L.A., Mexico City Build into mountain sides or basin’s prone to landslides or erosion

20. Other Impacts of Urbanization Cities generate more heat Roads and buildings absorb more heat Heat Island-high temperatures in a city Affects local weather

21. Urban Planning Land-Use Planning: determining in advance how land will be used Urban planning has been around for thousands of years. The ancient mexican city of Teothuacan for example They use a GIS(geographic information system) A GIS also helps with understanding habitat requirements of species and patterns of pollutant spread.

22. Transportation The vast construction of Urban areas in the United States was after the invention of cars. This allowed most of the cities here to have large roads for vehicles to drive on. Many mass transit systems were constructed as well. These systems include buses and trains which move many people all at once. Due to the mass transit systems energy is saved, there is a reduce in highway congestion and air pollution.

23. Open Space Open Space: land that is set aside for agriculture or scenic and recreational Open spaces include parks, public gardens, as well as bicycle and hiking trails.Some of these spaces are left in their natural condition. Those are called greenbelts. These spaces are very benifical and valuable. The plants help filter out pollutants from the air and water, produce oxygen, and keep cities cooler in the summer. The open spaces left for agriculture provide food resources and reduce drainage by absorbing more rainwater runoff from building roofs, asphalt, and concrete. This results in less flooding.

24. Farmlands The land is used to plant and Harvest produce The United States has about 100 million hectares of farmland Some urban areas are threatening some of the most productive farmlands

25. Range land Range land is land used specifically for grazing of livestock. common livestock includes: Cattle, Sheep, and Goats Range land is essential to maintain the world’s food supply. World population growth will increase food production of rangeland by 40% from 1977 to 2030

26. Range land Management Overgrazing can lead to destruction of the lands plants and soil. to overcome these problems we must limit herd sizes give the land a break to recover move animals to different areas of land

27. Forest Lands Trees are harvested to provide products we use everyday. Paper Furniture Plywood We value forest products such as maple syrup and turpentine Ecosystem services provided by forests is the removal of CO2

28. Harvesting Trees People today use a large amount of wood. The Worldwide average is 1,800 cm3 of wood used per person each day. The timber industry classifies forest lands into three categories- Virgin Forest- A forest that has never been cut Native Forest- A forest that is planted and managed Tree Farms- An area where trees are planted in rows and harvested like crops

29. Deforestation Deforestation is defined by clearing trees from an area without replacing them. Forests are cleared to convert the land into farmland, and to make space for roads, homes, factories, and buildings Most countries become severely deforested as their populations expand and the demands for forest products increases

30. Deforestation impacts on life Deforestation reduces wildlife habitat, but it has other impacts too. Without tree roots to hold the soil in place, it is washed into the valley below. In New York, forests on hillsides were cleared and plowed for farmland during the 19th century, and as much as 90% of the soil eroded. During the great depression of the 1930s, hundreds of farmers went bankrupt due to the soil being eroded and not being able to produce crops.

31. Rate of deforestation Deforestation rate is especially high in tropical rain forests, where the soil is relatively thin. Unless farming is done sustainably, clearing only small areas that will naturally regenerate, farmers must clear more forests every few years when the soil nutrients are used up Whether forests are used for farming or wood, if trees are not replanted, natural resources are steadily depleted.

32. Reforestation Reforestation is the process by which trees are planted to re-establish trees that have been cut down in a forest land. In some places in the U.S., steep hillsides were deforested for farming or development and then abandoned when farming became less economical.

33. Reforestation Globally, more than 90% of timber comes from forests that are not sustainably managed, however, some governments require reforestation after timber has been harvested from public land. Many governments are currently working to improve reforestation efforts and promote less destructive logging methods. A number of private organizations have also established tree-planting programs.

34. Reforestation Facts Reforestation is of great importance, as estimates suggest that at the current rate of deforestation, there may be no rainforest left within 100 years. Huge areas of forest have already been lost, for example, only around eight percent of the Atlantic forest in South America now remains. Reforestation usually involves replanting areas of forest which have previously been damaged or destroyed, using native tree species.

35. Wilderness An Area in which the land and the ecosystems it supports are protected from all exploitation. 474 Regions covering almost 13million hectares(32 million acres) is designated as wilderness in the U.S Wilderness is open to hiking, fishing, boating(no motors) and camping.

36. Benefits Of Protected Areas An Area for wild life animals to have shelter, without it animals would be extinct. These are places that remain unspoiled for forests, deserts, and praires. They serve for teaching classrooms for a learning purpose as well.

37. Threats to Protected Areas People that visit parks and the wilderness more each year leave their tracks. oil and gas drilling operation and power plants minning and ect. effect the health of the areas. preserved areas are affected by the climate change and air and water pollution.

38. Threats to Protected Areas When going to national parks the tourists tend to leave their markings behind but very little know that what they are doing causes deaths to animals living in conserved areas. Litter and traffic are just a small problem that now even national parks must deal with along with rangelands logging sites oil and gas drilling operations factories power plants

39. Wilderness The U.S. Wilderness Act helps to conserve the land. The wilderness is a area that is free from exploitation. 474 regions covering 13 million acres have been conserved across the U.S. Building roads, bridges and other type of construction is strictly prohibited. This act helps all ecosystem in threat of destruction.

40. Wilderness Not all things are prohibited in the wilderness, such as, hiking, fishing, and boating (without motors) Conserving land is not only good for the land itself, but also for everyone who appreciates the wilderness and enjoys everything it has to offer.

41. Land Conservation Developers now conserve as much natural land as possible. They make their plans work with the natural landscape. They preserve ponds, rivers, natural slopes and ridges, and land that form important habitats for plants and animals.

42. Benefits to protected areas Conserving the lands especially national parks such as Yosemite or forests provide several benefits not only to us humans but also for animals, and plants. For humans, protecting these lands may later serve as outdoor classrooms and research laboratories that can help spread the knowledge of the natural world to those who wonder why we should conserve any land. In regards to animals and plants it’s crucial to keep certain areas protected because species can be lost if these ecosystems are destroyed and plants would start to fade out seeing that the land would be non usable for plants and it would go back to us humans because we rely on plants to produce the oxygen.

43. Private Conservation Efforts Nongovernmental organizations and individuals help protect natural and agricultural lands. Conservation organizations maintain preserves, individuals, and communities. Especially in tropical areas. Protect local ecosystems to promote ecotourism. By 2011, over 1700 private lands trusts protected more than 37 million acres of land in the U.S.