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Chapter Opener 9
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Figure 9.1 Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle
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Figure 9.1a Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle
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Figure 9.1b Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle
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Figure 9.2 Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
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Figure 9.2a Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
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Figure 9.2b Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
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Figure 9.2c Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
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Figure 9.2d Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
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Figure 9.2e Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
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Figure 9.3 Composition of thick and thin filaments.
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Figure 9.3 Composition of thick and thin filaments. (1 of 3)
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Figure 9.3 Composition of thick and thin filaments. (2 of 3)
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Figure 9.3 Composition of thick and thin filaments. (3 of 3)
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Table 9.1 Structure and Organizational Levels of Skeletal Muscle (1 of 3)
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Table 9.1 Structure and Organizational Levels of Skeletal Muscle (2 of 3)
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Table 9.1 Structure and Organizational Levels of Skeletal Muscle (3 of 3)
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Figure 9.4 Myosin heads forming cross bridges that generate muscular contractile force.
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Figure 9.5 Relationship of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules to myofibrils of skeletal muscle.
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Figure 9.6 Sliding filament model of contraction.
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Figure 9.6 Sliding filament model of contraction. (1 of 2)
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Figure 9.6 Sliding filament model of contraction. (2 of 2)
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Figure 9.7 The phases leading to muscle fiber contraction.
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Figure 9.7 The phases leading to muscle fiber contraction. (1 of 2)
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Figure 9.7 The phases leading to muscle fiber contraction. (2 of 2)
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Figure 9.8 Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
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Figure 9.8 Events at the Neuromuscular Junction (1 of 3)
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Figure 9.8 Events at the Neuromuscular Junction (2 of 3)
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Figure 9.8 Events at the Neuromuscular Junction (3 of 3)
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Figure 9.9 Summary of events in the generation and propagation of an action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber.
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Figure 9.9 Summary of events in the generation and propagation of an action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber. (1 of 3)
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Figure 9.9 Summary of events in the generation and propagation of an action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber. (2 of 3)
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Figure 9.9 Summary of events in the generation and propagation of an action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber. (3 of 3)
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Figure 9.10 Action potential tracing indicates changes in Na and K ion channels.
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Figure Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments.
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Figure Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments. (1 of 4)
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Figure Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments. (2 of 4)
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Figure Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments. (3 of 4)
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Figure Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments. (4 of 4)
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Figure The cross bridge cycle is the series of events during which myosin heads pull thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.
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Figure The cross bridge cycle is the series of events during which myosin heads pull thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. (1 of 4)
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Figure The cross bridge cycle is the series of events during which myosin heads pull thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. (2 of 4)
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Figure The cross bridge cycle is the series of events during which myosin heads pull thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. (3 of 4)
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Figure The cross bridge cycle is the series of events during which myosin heads pull thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. (4 of 4)
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Figure 9.13 A motor unit consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
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Figure 9.13a A motor unit consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
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Figure 9.13b A motor unit consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
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Figure 9.14 The muscle twitch.
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Figure 9.14a The muscle twitch.
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Figure 9.14b The muscle twitch.
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Figure 9.15 A muscle’s response to changes in stimulation frequency.
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Figure 9.15a A muscle’s response to changes in stimulation frequency.
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Figure 9.15b A muscle’s response to changes in stimulation frequency.
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Figure 9.15c A muscle’s response to changes in stimulation frequency.
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Figure Relationship between stimulus intensity (graph at top) and muscle tension (tracing below).
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Figure 9.17 The size principle of recruitment.
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Figure 9.18 Isotonic (concentric) and isometric contractions.
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Figure 9. 18a Isotonic (concentric) and isometric contractions
Figure 9.18a Isotonic (concentric) and isometric contractions. (1 of 2)
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Figure 9. 18a Isotonic (concentric) and isometric contractions
Figure 9.18a Isotonic (concentric) and isometric contractions. (2 of 2)
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Figure 9. 18b Isotonic (concentric) and isometric contractions
Figure 9.18b Isotonic (concentric) and isometric contractions. (1 of 2)
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Figure 9. 18b Isotonic (concentric) and isometric contractions
Figure 9.18b Isotonic (concentric) and isometric contractions. (2 of 2)
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Figure 9.19 Pathways for regenerating ATP during muscle activity.
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Figure 9.19a Pathways for regenerating ATP during muscle activity.
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Figure 9.19b Pathways for regenerating ATP during muscle activity.
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Figure 9.19c Pathways for regenerating ATP during muscle activity.
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Figure Comparison of energy sources used during short-duration exercise and prolonged-duration exercise.
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Figure Comparison of energy sources used during short-duration exercise and prolonged-duration exercise. (1 of 2)
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Figure Comparison of energy sources used during short-duration exercise and prolonged-duration exercise. (2 of 2)
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Figure 9.21 Factors that increase the force of skeletal muscle contraction.
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Figure 9.22 Length-tension relationships of sarcomeres in skeletal muscles.
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Figure 9.23 Factors influencing velocity and duration of skeletal muscle contraction.
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Table 9.2 Structural and Functional Characteristics of the Three Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
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Figure 9.24 Influence of load on duration and velocity of muscle contraction.
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Figure 9.24a Influence of load on duration and velocity of muscle contraction.
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Figure 9.24b Influence of load on duration and velocity of muscle contraction.
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Figure 9.25 Arrangement of smooth muscle in the walls of hollow organs.
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Figure 9.25a Arrangement of smooth muscle in the walls of hollow organs.
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Figure 9.25b Arrangement of smooth muscle in the walls of hollow organs.
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Figure 9.26 Innervation of smooth muscle.
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Figure Intermediate filaments and dense bodies of smooth muscle fibers harness the pull generated by myosin cross bridges.
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Figure 9.27a Intermediate filaments and dense bodies of smooth muscle fibers harness the pull generated by myosin cross bridges.
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Figure 9.27b Intermediate filaments and dense bodies of smooth muscle fibers harness the pull generated by myosin cross bridges.
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Figure 9.28 Sequence of events in excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle.
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Figure 9.28 Sequence of events in excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle. (1 of 5)
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Figure 9.28 Sequence of events in excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle. (2 of 5)
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Figure 9.28 Sequence of events in excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle. (3 of 5)
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Figure 9.28 Sequence of events in excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle. (4 of 5)
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Figure 9.28 Sequence of events in excitation-contraction coupling of smooth muscle. (5 of 5)
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Table 9.3 Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle (1 of 4)
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Table 9.3 Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle (2 of 4)
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Table 9.3 Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle (3 of 4)
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Table 9.3 Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle (4 of 4)
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Figure 9.29 Myoblasts fuse to form a multinucleate skeletal muscle fiber.
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Closer Look 9.1
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System Connections 9.1
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