1. Chapter 14: The Nation Divided 1846 - 1861 Essential Question: How did the nation try to deal with differences between the North and the South, but yet still fail?

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People fugitives – enslaved people who have run away Harriet Beecher Stowe –author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin propaganda – false or misleading information that is spread to further a cause Stephen Douglas –pushed the Kansas-Nebraska Act John Brown – antislavery settler who led an attack on a proslavery settlement civil war – a war between opposing groups of the same country

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did the question of admission of new states to the Union fuel the debate over slavery and states’ rights? The Missouri Compromise of 1820 temporarily quieted the differences between the North and South. However, new territory added as a result of America’s victory in the Mexican-American War renewed the conflict.

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. From 1820 to 1848, the balance of power between North and South held: 15 free states and 15 slave states. The tie was in danger of breaking because of new territory gained in the Mexican- American War.

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Even before the Mexican-American War had ended, politicians argued over what to do. Still, it angered Southerners, who viewed the bill as an attack on slavery by the North. The Wilmot Proviso Representative David Wilmot from Pennsylvania proposed a ban on slavery in all Mexican Cession territories. The bill passed in the House but not in the Senate.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Northerners were upset as well. In the 1848 election, many Democrats and Whigs were disappointed with their party’s stand on slavery. Antislavery Democrats and Whigs formed a new political party. The Free-Soil Party chose Martin Van Buren as its candidate. Free-Soil Party The party called for the territory from the Mexican- American War to be “free soil.”

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. He wanted to let the people in each state or territory decide whether to allow slavery. Democratic candidate Lewis Cass of Michigan suggested a solution that he hoped everyone would like. popular sovereignty

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. PartyCandidatePolicy Democratic Party Senator Lewis Casspopular sovereignty Free-Soil Party Martin Van Burenslavery banned Whig PartyGeneral Zachary Taylorno stated policy although, North worries that Whigs are typically on the side of the South, so he might favor slavery. Presidential Election of 1848 The Free-Soil Party took votes away from Senator Cass. This helped Zachary Taylor win the election (12 th president).

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Because of President Taylor’s lack of a policy concerning slavery, the tension between the North and South only increased. The two sides next clashed over California. Southerners feared losing power. They threatened to secede from the nation if California was made a free state. Northerners argued that California should be a free state because most of its territory lay north of the Missouri Compromise.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. North and South also disagreed over other issues related to slavery. Southerners called for a law that would force the return of fugitives. Northerners wanted the slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C. Months passed, and no solution was reached.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1850, Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky made a series of proposals to resolve this conflict. The Senate’s discussion of Clay’s proposals produced one of the greatest debates in American history. If California enters the Union as a free state, then free states would gain a majority in Congress so Southerners wouldn’t be able to pass anti-slave laws.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. John C. CalhounDaniel Webster The United States needed to amend the Constitution. Otherwise, the South should secede. The United States should end sectionalism and adopt the compromise. John C. Calhoun spoke against the compromise, and Daniel Webster spoke for it. Sectionalism

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. With the territories acquired by the Mexican- American war, the nation could no longer overlook the slavery issue. Bitter debate was continuing to divide the nation. At first, Clay’s compromise of 1820 seemed to work for both sides. However, the compromise soon fell apart.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Congress passed the Compromise of 1850, a series of laws meant to solve the controversy over slavery. Millard Fillmore is the president at the time (13 th President) The bitterness between the North and South caused all attempts at compromise to fail.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Compromise of 1850 included five laws that addressed issues related to slavery

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some of the new laws pleased the North, and others pleased the South. To Please the North California admitted to the Union as a free state Slave trade banned in Washington, D.C. To Please the South Popular sovereignty used to decide slavery in the rest of the Mexican Cession Tough new fugitive slave law President Fillmore signed the compromise into law.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Suspects had no rights to a trial. Northern citizens were required to help capture accused runaways. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 allowed officials to arrest anyone accused of being a runaway slave.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. An Indiana man was separated from his wife and children when a slave owner claimed he had escaped 19 years prior. A wealthy tailor was seized, but his friends in New York quickly raised money to free him. Slave catchers would seize fugitives even after many years had passed since their escape.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Senator Calhoun hoped that it would force northerners to admit that slaveholders had rights to their property. Instead, it convinced more northerners that slavery was evil. The Fugitive Slave Act was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850. Northerners began to resist the law and help African Americans in the North escape to Canada.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Harriet Beecher Stowe, the daughter of an abolitionist minister, was deeply affected by the Fugitive Slave Law. In 1853, Stowe published the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, about an enslaved man who is abused by his cruel owner.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Stowe’s novel provoked strong reactions from people on both sides of the slavery issue. Many northerners were shocked and began to view slavery as a serious moral problem rather than a political issue. Many white southerners said Uncle Tom’s Cabin was propaganda, misleading information meant to further a cause.

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Southerners refused to admit the territories because they lay above the Missouri Compromise line. The debate over slavery continued with the Kansas and Nebraska territories. The Kansas- Nebraska Act Allowed the people in the territories to decide the slavery issue by popular sovereignty. In 1854, Senator Stephen Douglas helped pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Northerners were outraged. They felt Douglas had betrayed them into allowing more slave states. North and South were divided over the Kansas- Nebraska Act as it reopened the issue of slavery in territories. Southerners supported the act. They hoped the new territories would become slave states. Nevertheless, the act was signed into law by President Franklin Pierce (14 th president)

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The violence in Kansas, as a result of the Kansas Nebraska Act, was so bad that it earned Kansas the name Bleeding Kansas. Violence broke out. Bands of fighters began roaming the territory, terrorizing those who did not support their views.

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Abolitionist Charles Sumner spoke out against proslavery Senator Andrew Butler. Butler’s nephew beat Sumner unconscious in the Senate chamber. By 1856, all attempts at compromise had failed. The violence in Kansas spread over into the United States Senate.

26. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the late 1850s, new political parties, political debates, and court decisions highlighted the nation’s clashing views on slavery. These events caused growing tension between the North and South.

27. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Because of growing tensions, in 1854, the Whig Party split apart. Many northern Whigs formed a new party: the Republican Party. The Republican Party’s main goal was to stop the spread of slavery into the western territories.

28. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Republicans quickly became a powerful force in politics. A Republican first ran for President in 1856. Republican John C. Frémont Democrat James Buchanan James Buchanan won (15 th president), but Frémont carried 11 of the nation’s free states.

29. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom. Scott had lived with his owner in two places where slavery was illegal. He argued that this meant he was a free man. Soon after Buchanan took office, the U.S. Supreme Court made a landmark decision.

30. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote the decision in the Scott case. Dred Scott Decision Scott could not sue because he was a slave and, therefore, not a U.S. citizen. Living in a free state did not make Scott free. Slaves are property and property rights are protected by the U.S. Constitution.

31. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Southerners rejoiced because slavery was now legal in all territories. Both northerners and southerners were shocked by the court’s decision. Northerners were shocked and had hoped slavery would die out. They now feared it would spread throughout the West. Justice Taney also ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory therefore, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

32. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many leaders spoke out against the ruling. Frederick Douglass hoped the outrage against the decision would fuel the abolition movement. Abraham Lincoln, an Illinois lawyer, argued against the idea that African Americans could not be citizens.

33. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Lincoln had served one term in Congress but had returned to practicing law. In 1858, Lincoln ran for Senate against Stephen Douglas, an incumbent Illinois senator. Now, his opposition to the Kansas- Nebraska Act (write down 2x) drew him back to the world of politics. He joined the Republican party.

34. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Lincoln and Douglas engaged in a series of debates, which were followed throughout the country. Douglas’s viewLincoln’s view On popular sovereignty: Individual states should decide whether or not to continue the practice of slavery. a. Lincoln wants equality for African Americans. Stand on slavery: Slavery is wrong and it should not spread to the western territories and it will die out on its own b. African Americans are entitled to the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Lincoln said that the United States could not survive as a half slave, half free country. He favored the Union to end slavery.

35. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Two years later, the two men would be rivals for the presidency. However, the debates helped Lincoln become a national figure. Douglas won the Senate election.

36. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In total, four candidates ran for president in 1860 because there were pro-slave and anti-slave factions of the Democratic Party and chose different candidates. The South joined the Contitutional Union Party. RepublicansAbraham Lincolncriticized slavery Northern Democrats Stephen Douglasfavored individual states deciding on slavery Southern Democrats John Breckinridgesupported slavery in the territories Constitutional Union Party John Bellpromised to protect slavery and keep nation together

37. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The outcome of the election showed just how fragmented the nation had become: Lincoln won in every free state. Breckinridge won most of the slave states. Bell won three states in the upper South. Douglas won Missouri.

38. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Abraham Lincoln received enough electoral votes to win the election becoming the 16 th president of the United States. This election showed how divided the nation was becoming.

39. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Southerners felt that the President and Congress were now set against their interests—especially slavery. Some of the most powerful southern leaders believed that they were out of options. When South Carolina found out Lincoln won the election they decided to secede from the Union.

40. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Frustrated southern states formed the Confederate States of America. Six other southern states soon followed : Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida

41. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some moderate southerners did not want to secede, but their voices were overwhelmed. Andrew Johnson and Sam Houston were among those against succession. By March, the Confederacy had adopted a constitution. Former Senator Jefferson Davis was named president of the Confederate States of America.

42. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. When President Lincoln was inaugurated on March 4, 1861, the nation faced the greatest crisis in its history. Lincoln told the seceded states he would not “interfere… with slavery where it exists.” The Confederate states rejected this message by taking over federal property within their borders Lincoln encouraged the Confederacy to return to the union.

43. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Already, an urgent struggle had begun. The commander at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, had refused to surrender to the Confederates. The Confederates tried to starve the troops into surrendering. Lincoln did not send troops because he did not want other states to secede. He planned to send food on ships without guns.

44. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter. The U.S. troops surrendered. The Confederate attack on Fort Sumter marked the beginning of a long civil war.

45. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. By 1861, many people in the North and South believed that war was unavoidable. However, Americans were unprepared for the terrible war that would last for the next four years. Civil War