2. Functions of Nucleotide: 1.Responsible for transmission of genetic informations 2. Act as energy currency 3.Carrier molecule for a broad spectrum of functional moieties 4.constituent of coenzyme 5.metabolic regulators Page 813

3. Biosynthesis of Nucleotides De novo pathways Salvage pathways Page 813

4. Nitrogen Waste Is Excreted by Birds Principally as the Purine Analog, Uric acid Page 814

5. The Metabolic Origin of the Nine Atoms in the Purine Ring System Page 814

6. The de novo Pathway for Purine Synthesis Page 814 & 815 Committed step 4 57 9 AMP, ADP, ATP GMP, GDP, GTP 9

7. Page 816

8. Page 815 8 3

9. 6 1

10. Page 816 Also involve in histidine biosynthesis 1 2

11. Page 816 Folate and Tetrahydrofolate (THF) dihydrofolate reductase

12. Page 816 Tetrahydrofolate (THF) and One-Carbon Units.

13. Page 816 & 817

14. Folate- Analogs as Anticancer and Antimicrobial Agents Page 818 (folic acid antagonist)

15. Page 818 (anti-bacterial agent)

16. The Synthesis of AMP and GMP from IMP Page 819 Reciprocal stimulation

17. The Regulatory Circuit Controlling Purine Biosynthesis Page 820 feed-forward activation

18. ATP-Dependent Kinases Form Nucleoside Diphosphates and Triphosphates from the Nucleoside Monophosphates AMP + ATP 2ADP Adenylate kinase GMP + ATP Guanylate kinase GDP + ADP GDP + ATP Nucleoside diphosphate kinase GTP + ADP Page 820

19. Degradation of Purines NMP + H 2 O Nucleoside + Pi Nucleoside+ H 2 O Base + ribose Nucleoside+ Pi Base + ribose-1-phosphate nucleosidase Nucleoside phosphorylase Page 821 & 822 nucleotidase

20. The Salvage Pathway for Purine Synthesis Page 821 1.base  nucleotide Adenine Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) PRPP PPi AMP Hypoxanthine Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) PRPP PPi IMP Guanine Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) PRPP PPi GMP

21. Page 821 Purine Salvage by the HGPRT Reaction

22. The Salvage Pathway for Purine Synthesis Page 821 2.nucleoside  nucleotide Adenosine Adenosine kinase ATPADP AMP 3.base  nucleoside  nucleotide Hypoxanthine + ribose 1- phosphate inosine + Pi Hypoxanthine + deoxyribose 1- phosphate inosine + Pi Nucleoside phosphorylase

23. The Major Pathways of Purine Catabolism Lead to Uric Acid in Animals Page 824

25. Page 826

26.  Gout 痛風 ---Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood ---Can usually be controlled with diet Page 825

28. Lesch-Nyhan Syndromes: HGPRT Deficiency Leads to a Severe Clinical Disorder Page 822

29. The De novo Pyrimidine Biosynthesis Page 826

30. Page 827

31. Committed step

32. UMP Synthesis Leads to Formation of Two Most Prominent Ribonucleotides—UTP and CTP UMP + ATP Nucleotide monophosphate kinase UDP + ADP UDP + ATP Nucleoside diphosphate kinase UTP + ADP Page 828

33. CTP Synthesis from UTP Page 828

34. Regulatoion of Pyrimidine Synthesis in E. coli and Animals Page 830

35. The Salvage Pathway for Pyrimidine Synthesis *nucleoside  nucleotide Uridine Cytidine Uridine-cytidine kinase ATPADP UMP CMP Page 829 + ADP

36. Pyrimidine Degradation Page 830

37. Formation of Deoxyribonucleotide Page 831

40. Page 832

41. R1 Page 832 R2

42. Regulation of Deoxynucleotide Biosynthesis Page 833

43. Page 835

44. UMP UDP UTP CTP CTP synthetase CDP dCDP dCTP dUDP dUMP dCMP dCMP deaminase dTMP dTDP dTTP Thymidylate synthase Page 833 & 834

45. dCMP deaminase thymidylate synthase Page 833 & 834 dUTPase

46. Page 834

47. Page 836

48. Page 818 (anti-bacterial agent)

49. Fluoro-Substituted Pyrimidines in Cancer Chemotherapy, Fungal Infections, and Malaria Page 835

50. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome─A Lack of Adenosine Deaminase is One Cause of This Inherited Disease Page 823 *ADA: adenosine deaminase