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Chapter Opener 14 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Figure Place of the ANS in the structural organization of the nervous system. Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Sensory (afferent) division Motor (efferent) division Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.2 Comparison of motor neurons in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
Cell bodies in central nervous system Neurotransmitter at effector Effector organs Peripheral nervous system Effect Single neuron from CNS to effector organs ACh SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM + Stimulatory Heavily myelinated axon Skeletal muscle Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs ACh NE Nonmyelinated postganglionic axon SYMPATHETIC Lightly myelinated preganglionic axons Ganglion Epinephrine and norepinephrine + – ACh Stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on neuro- transmitter and receptors on effector organs AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Adrenal medulla Blood vessel ACh ACh Smooth muscle (e.g., in gut), glands, cardiac muscle PARASYMPATHETIC Lightly myelinated preganglionic axon Nonmyelinated postganglionic axon Ganglion Acetylcholine (ACh) Norepinephrine (NE) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.3 The subdivisions of the ANS.
Parasympathetic Sympathetic Eye Eye Brain stem Salivary glands Skin* Cranial Sympathetic ganglia Salivary glands Heart Cervical Lungs Lungs T1 Heart Stomach Thoracic Stomach Pancreas Liver and gall- bladder Pancreas L1 Liver and gall- bladder Adrenal gland Lumbar Bladder Bladder Genitals Genitals Sacral © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.4 Parasympathetic division of the ANS.
CN III Ciliary ganglion Eye Lacrimal gland CN VII Pterygopalatine ganglion CN IX Nasal mucosa CN X Submandibular ganglion Submandibular and sublingual glands Otic ganglion Parotid gland Heart Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Lung Liver and gallbladder Celiac plexus Stomach Pancreas S2 Large intestine S4 Pelvic splanchnic nerves Small intestine Inferior hypogastric plexus Rectum Urinary bladder and ureters Genitalia (penis, clitoris, and vagina) Preganglionic Postganglionic CN Cranial nerve © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. S Sacral nerve
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Figure 14.4 Parasympathetic division of the ANS. (1 of 2)
Ciliary ganglion CN III CN III Eye Lacrimal gland CN VII CN VII Pterygo- palatine ganglion CN IX CN IX Nasal mucosa CN X CN X Submandibular ganglion Submandibular and sublingual glands Otic ganglion Parotid gland Heart Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Lung Preganglionic Postganglionic CN Cranial nerve S Sacral nerve © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.4 Parasympathetic division of the ANS. (2 of 2)
Liver and gallbladder Celiac plexus Stomach Pancreas S2 Large intestine S4 Small intestine Pelvic splanchnic nerves Rectum Inferior hypogastric plexus Urinary bladder and ureters Genitalia (penis, clitoris, and vagina) Preganglionic Postganglionic CN Cranial nerve S Sacral nerve © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table Anatomical and Physiological Differences Between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.5 Sympathetic trunks and pathways.
Dorsal root Lateral horn (visceral motor zone) Spinal cord Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal root Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve Ventral root Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Rib Gray ramus communicans Ventral root Sympathetic trunk ganglion Sympathetic trunk ganglion White ramus communicans Sympathetic trunk Sympathetic trunk 1 Synapse at the same level Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Gray ramus communicans White ramus communicans Thoracic splanchnic nerves Location of the sympathetic trunk 2 Synapse at a higher or lower level Skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Effectors Blood vessels Splanchnic nerve Collateral ganglion (such as the celiac) Abdominal organs (e.g., intestine) Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column 3 Three pathways of sympathetic innervation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.5a Sympathetic trunks and pathways.
Spinal cord Dorsal root Ventral root Rib Sympathetic trunk ganglion Sympathetic trunk Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Gray ramus communicans White ramus communicans Thoracic splanchnic nerves Location of the sympathetic trunk © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways.
Dorsal root Lateral horn (visceral motor zone) Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Ventral root Gray ramus communicans Sympathetic trunk ganglion Sympathetic trunk White ramus communicans 1 Synapse at the same level 2 Synapse at a higher or lower level Skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Effectors Blood vessels Splanchnic nerve Collateral ganglion (such as the celiac) Abdominal organs (e.g., intestine) Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column 3 Three pathways of sympathetic innervation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways. (1 of 3)
Lateral horn (visceral motor zone) Dorsal root Dorsal root ganglion Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Gray ramus communicans Ventral root White ramus communicans Sympathetic trunk ganglion Sympathetic trunk Effectors 1 Synapse at the same level Blood vessels Three pathways of sympathetic innervation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways. (2 of 3)
Skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Effectors Blood vessels 2 Synapse at a higher or lower level Three pathways of sympathetic innervation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.5b Sympathetic trunks and pathways. (3 of 3)
Splanchnic nerve Collateral ganglion (such as the celiac) Abdominal organs (e.g., intestine) Effector 3 Synapse in a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column Three pathways of sympathetic innervation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.6 Sympathetic division of the ANS.
Eye Lacrimal gland Pons Nasal mucosa Sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia Blood vessels; skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Superior cervical ganglion Salivary glands Middle cervical ganglion Heart Inferior cervical ganglion Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Lung T1 Greater splanchnic nerve Lesser splanchnic nerve Celiac ganglion Liver and gallbladder L2 Stomach Superior mesenteric ganglion White rami communicantes Spleen Inferior mesenteric ganglion Adrenal medulla Kidney Sacral splanchnic nerves Lumbar splanchnic nerves Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Preganglionic Postganglionic Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and penis) and urinary bladder © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.6 Sympathetic division of the ANS. (1 of 2)
Eye Lacrimal gland Pons Nasal mucosa Sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia Blood vessels; skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Superior cervical ganglion Salivary glands Middle cervical ganglion Heart Inferior cervical ganglion Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Lung T1 White rami communicantes Preganglionic Postganglionic © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.6 Sympathetic division of the ANS. (2 of 2)
Greater splanchnic nerve Lesser splanchnic nerve Celiac ganglion Liver and gallbladder L2 Stomach Superior mesenteric ganglion Spleen Inferior mesenteric ganglion Adrenal medulla Kidney Sacral splanchnic nerves Lumbar splanchnic nerves Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Preganglionic Postganglionic Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and penis) and urinary bladder © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 14.7 Visceral reflexes.
Stimulus Dorsal root ganglion 1 Receptor in viscera Spinal cord Visceral sensory neuron 2 Integration center • May be preganglionic neuron (as shown) • May be a dorsal horn interneuron • May be within walls of gastrointestinal tract 3 Autonomic ganglion Motor neuron (two-neuron chain) • Preganglionic neuron • Postganglionic neuron 4 5 Visceral effector Response © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 14.2 Cholinergic and Adrenergic Receptors
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Table 14.3 Selected Drug Classes That Influence the Autonomic Nervous System
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Table 14.4 Effects of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions on Various Organs (1 of 2)
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Table 14.4 Effects of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions on Various Organs (2 of 2)
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Figure 14.8 Levels of ANS control.
Communication at subconscious level Cerebral cortex (frontal lobe) Limbic system (emotional input) Hypothalamus The “boss”: Overall integration of ANS Brain stem (reticular formation, etc.) Regulates pupil size, heart, blood pressure, airflow, salivation, etc. Spinal cord Reflexes for urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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System Connections 14.1 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
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