1. E8: Digital Humans Option E AHL: Human Factors Design IB Technology

2. Digital Humans Definition: Computer simulation of a variety of mechanical and biological aspects of the human body Motion Capture Technology Definition: The recording of human and animal movement by any means, for example, by video, magnetic or electro- mechanical devices.

3. Digital Humans can be created by using Motion Capture Technology, which can digitally represent the motion of a human. A person wears a set of acoustic, inertial, LED, magnetic or reflective markers at each point. Sensors track the position of the markers as the person moves to develop a digital representation of the motion. Watch the the videos on human capture and digital humans to see examples.

4. Advantages Motion capture can reduce the cost of animation, which would otherwise require the animator to draw either each frame or key frames that are then interpolated. Motion capture saves time and creates more natural movements than manual animation, but is limited to motions that are anatomically possible. Some applications, for example, animated super- hero martial arts might require additional impossible movements.

5. A motion capture session records the movements of the actor, not his or her visual appearance. The captured movements are then mapped to a 3D model (human, giant robot, etc) created by a computer artist, to move the model in the same way. Realtime Motion Capture for Interactive Entertainment. © Sony Computer Entertainment America.

7. How can it enhance Human Factors Design Digital humans can be used to represent joint resistance, discomfort, reach envelopes and visual fields. They can be used, for example, to measure the impact of clothing on human performance.

8. Digital humans allow for early consideration of human factors when designing a product. CAD can now incorporate the use of a digital model to check the dynamic and static data of a human within a design context before a physical prototype has been built. For example, when testing the effects of an impact on the car you can use digital humans to measure the outcome.

9. When designing a vehicle, before a physical prototype is built using digital humans: Allows for the design to be optimised for user comfort, visibility and access to controls Ensures that people of different sizes will be able to see when they operate the vehicle Ensures that the user population will be able to climb in and out of the vehicle easily Ensures that the foot pedals are within easy reach of and can be operated by users Ensures that the vehicle can be maintained ensures that the strength required to operate the vehicle is within the normal range.

10. Digital humans can increase the speed of the product development cycle. Human simulation in product design enables a product to be developed more quickly, as there can be more design iterations in less time. This results in higher product quality, which meets human requirements more accurately.

11. Digital prototypes are cheaper to produce than physical prototypes. Products are safer as a result of more thorough analysis of safety aspects. Improved productivity results from enhanced automation of the development process.

12. What are the benefits of using digital humans in developing manufacturing plants and processes, maintenance and training? Check this website for more information http://www.plm.automation.siemens.com/en_ us/products/tecnomatix/assembly_planning /jack/digital_humans.shtml

13. Manufacturing plants: Digital humans enable manufacturing plants to be developed more quickly and manual workflow to be optimised. They improve worker safety and reduce compensation costs resulting from accidents. Machines and other equipment can be positioned to optimise cycle time and avoid hazards.

14. Manufacturing processes: Manufacturing processes can be designed to eliminate inefficiencies and ensure optimum productivity. They can be used to: ensure that people can access the parts and equipment needed to assemble products; check that workers can effectively use any hand tools needed to perform manual tasks; and check that all tasks can be performed safely without requiring inordinate strength or exposing people to risk of injury.

15. Maintenance: Using digital humans enables designers to ensure that there is sufficient space to perform maintenance tasks, including space for hands, arms and tools, and space to install and remove parts. Designers can check that technicians can see when they do specific maintenance tasks and that they can use the requisite hand tools.

16. Training: Digital humans enable people to be trained in multiple locations without the need for physical prototypes or actual equipment and so reduce the cost of training manufacturing and maintenance personnel.

17. Advantages in product marketing Digital humans can be used in e- commerce to model clothing products. A customer can produce a model corresponding to his or her body shape, size and look. The model can then try on clothing so that the customer can see what it might look like, for example www.landsend.com