1. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
Social psychologists are interested in 2 extremes of human behavior: altruism and aggression.

2. SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Altruism Aggression Evolutionary view
Psychological factors
Sociocultural factors
Aggression
Biological influences
Gender differences
Psychological influences
Sociocultural influences
Reducing aggression

3. ALTRUISM VS. EGOISM Altruism Egoism
Unselfish interest in helping another person.
Prosocial Behavior
Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self-esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid censure from self and others for failing to live up to society's expectations.
Antisocial behavior

4. RECIPROCITY
Involves an expression of trust for another person, as well as feeling of obligation and guilt.
Helping another person because you want to increase the chances that the person will return the favor someday
Golden Rule

5. ALTRUISM Evolutionary view Psychological factors Sociocultural factors
Family members
Psychological factors
Mood
Empathy: A feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.
Sociocultural factors
Market economies
Religion
Gender
Bystander effect
Media influences

6. BYSTANDER EFFECT
The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone.
Kitty Genovese (1964)
John Darley and Bibb Latane Bystander Apathy (1968)
75% alone; 50% with bystander
Diffusion of responsibility

7. AGGRESSION Biological influences Gender differences
Evolutionary views
Genetics
Neurobiological factors
Gender differences
Overt aggression
Relational aggression
Psychological influences
Frustration and aversive circumstances
Cognitive determinants
Observational learning
Sociocultural influences
Cultural variations
Media violence
Reducing aggression

8. TYPES OF AGGRESSION Instrumental Hostile
The purpose is the satisfaction of some goal behavior or benefit.
A means to an end
An attempt to strike out against someone or something seen as the cause of discomfort.
No clear purpose

9. GENDER DIFFERENCES Overt Aggression
Relational Aggression
Physically or verbally harming another person directly.
Males
Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person.
Females

10. FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS
States that frustration triggers aggression.
Frustration: The blocking of an individual’s attempts to reach a goal.
Aggression: Behaviors that are intended to harm another person.
John Dollard (1939)

11. SOCIAL INFLUENCE
Social psychologists are interested in compliance through conformity, obedience, and group influence.

12. SOCIAL INFLUENCE Compliance Group Influence Conformity Obedience
Deindividuation
Social contagion
Group performance
Group decision making

13. CONFORMITY
A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.
Solomon Asch Line Experiment (1951)
Conformed 35% of the time

14. SOCIAL INFLUENCE Informational Normative
The influence others have on us because we want to be right.
Informed
The influence others have on us because we want them to like us.
Normal

15. OBEDIENCE
Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.
Stanley Milgram Shock Experiment (1965)
2/3 delivered the full 450 volts

16. GROUP INFLUENCES
Deindividuation: The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group.
Social contagion: Imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas.
Social loafing: Each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.

17. GROUP PERFORMANCE Social Facilitation Social Impairment
Improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others.
Well-learned or easy tasks
Decline in an individual's performance because of the presence of others.
New or difficult tasks

18. GROUP DECISION MAKING
Group Polarization: The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction.
Groupthink: The impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.
Irving Janis (1972)
Majority and minority influences