1. 1 America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 7, Part 2 Life in the New Nation (1783–1850) Crossing the Ferry

2. 2 America: Pathways to the Present Section 3: The Great Plains and the Southwest Chapter 7: Life in the New Nation (1783–1850)

3. 3 The Great Plains & the Southwest How did the lives of Plains Indians change from the 1500s to the 1800s? How did Spain integrate California and the Rio Grande valley into Hispanic North America? Why did Texas fight to win its independence from Mexico? CH 7.3

4. 4 Plains Indians Numerous Indian tribes lived on the Great Plains, the vast grassland that lies between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. These included tribes such as the Crow, the Cheyenne, the Sioux, the Comanche, the Arapaho, the Kiowa, the Blackfeet, the Shoshone, the Nez Perce, the Apache, the Navajo, the Pawnee, and the Mandan. Two animals, the horse and the bison, were particularly important to the Indians of the Great Plains. Horses, introduced by the Spanish in the 1500s, helped the tribes hunt the bison (buffalo) who provided food as well as raw materials for almost all Indian equipment. Most of these Indians were nomads who developed, during the 1700s, into warrior cultures. Most Indian tribes hated each other as much as the white man, and often fought for the U.S. Army against their Indian enemies. CH 7.3

5. 5 Effects of Mexican Independence Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821. Mexico owned modern-day California, New Mexico, and Texas, and northern Mexico began trading more with the United States than with other parts of Mexico. The Mexican government loosened the rules affecting trade with Americans. These new Mexican policies allowed the United States to develop strong economic ties with California, the area known as Texas and New Mexico long before it gained political control over these territories. CH 7.3

6. 6 Background to Texas Independence Mexico and American Settlers Mexico, in the 1820s, encouraged American immigration. By 1830, more Americans than Mexicans lived in Texas. Mexico had already outlawed slavery, but Southern immigrants brought their slaves into Texas. As their numbers increased, Americans demanded more political control. In particular, they wanted to keep slavery under Mexican law. Santa Anna and Texan Self-Rule In 1833, General Antonio López de Santa Anna took power in Mexico, soon making himself dictator. Santa Anna’s actions united Texans behind the cause of self-rule. A clash between settlers and Mexican troops in October 1835 began the Texas War for Independence. Sam Houston commanded the Texas rebel forces. The rebels called themselves “Texicans,” or “Texians.” CH 7.3

7. 7 Texas Fights for Independence At the Battle of the Alamo in December 1835, Santa Anna held rebel forces under siege for 13 days before overcoming the Texan Alamo fortress. Over 186 Texicans were killed. On March 2, 1836, Texans formally declared the independence of the Republic of Texas. On April 28, with shouts of “Remember the Alamo!” the rebels defeated Santa Anna’s troops at the Battle of San Jacinto,forcing him to recognize the new Texas republic shortly thereafter. Texans elected Sam Houston as their first president and drafted a constitution modeled on that of the United States, including slavery. Texas entered the Union in 1845, resulting in war between Mexico and the United States in 1848, again making slavery a volatile issue between North and South. CH 7.3 Col. William Barrett Travis Col. Jim BowieCol. David Crockett Gen. Sam Houston

8. 8 The Alamo CH 7.3

9. 9 Fall of the Alamo

10. 10 Battle of San Jacinto CH 7.3