1. Meteorology Chapter 17

2. Chapter 17.1 While you read 1.Volcanic eruptions  lowered temperature 2.Volcanic eruptions  released gases to form atmosphere. 3.Increasing altitude  lowers water-vapor concentration. 4.Atmospheric recycling  atmosphere’s composition remains stable. 5.Fossil fuel burning  increasing CO 2 in atmosphere.

3. Chapter 17.1 After you read 1.The atmosphere includes about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, and less than.5% carbon dioxide. It also contains tiny particles of rock, dirt, pollen, salt crystals, and soot from burning fossil fuels.

4. 2.It stays stable because substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water move out of the system at the same rate at which they enter the system; photosynthesis, decomposition of organic materials, evaporation, precipitation, and respiration. Chapter 17.1 After you read

5. 1.Troposphere: up to 16 km; sun’s radiation absorbed by Earth’s surface creates heat; altitude leads to decreases in temperatures. Chapter 17.2 While you read

6. 2.Stratosphere: 19-50 km; ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, leads to increases in temperature. Chapter 17.2 While you read

7. 3.Mesosphere: 50-90 km; decreased ozone leads to cold temperatures; altitude leads to decreases. Chapter 17.2 While you read

8. 4. Thermosphere: up to 90 + km; thin atmosphere absorbs a lot of radiation, leading to very high temperatures (1000ºC). Chapter 17.2 While you read

9. Chapter 17.2 After you read Radiation: Ultraviolet rays cause the transfer of heat from the sun to your skin. Conduction: A fire’s warmth spreading to your body comes from conduction of heat from the fire to the air and then from the air to your body. Convection: When a building’s convection has made the hot air rise and cool air fall.

10. 2. When Earth’s heat budget is balanced, its temperature remains relatively constant. If the budget becomes unbalanced, Earth’s average temperatures would rise or fall depending on the direction of the imbalance. The greenhouse effect captures solar radiation the would otherwise disperse back into space. Chapter 17.2 After you read

11. Chapter 17.3 Insolation – The radiation received from the sun. Isotherms – Lines that connect places with the same temperature.

12. Chapter 17.3 While you read 1.Time of day 2.Time of year 3.Latitude 4.Cloud cover 5.Land 6.Water

13. Chapter 17.3 After you read Time of day affects the angle of the sun’s rays, with the most direct rays falling at noon and building heat into the afternoon. Latitude affects the angle of the sun’s rays by placing some parts of Earth closer to the sun than others. Time of year affects how close Earth is to the sun, again affecting the angle of the sun’s rays.

14. Chapter 17.3 After you read Cloud cover reflects insolation back into space, decreasing the temperature on Earth. Because land and water absorb and utilize heat energy at different rates, parts of the Earth will heat up or cool down at different rates.

15. Chapter 17.4 While you read Acid Rain  destruction of monuments Ozone depletion  death of marine life. Global warming  rising sea level. Smog  reduced crop yields.

16. Chapter 17.4 Key vocabulary: Air pollutant – any airborne gas particle that occurs at a concentration capable of harming humans or the environment. Temperature inversion – An increase in temperature with an increase in altitude; occurs when a layer of cold air is trapped beneath a layer of warm air.

20. Acid Rain leads to destruction of monuments.

22. Ozone depletion leads to illness in humans and death of marine phytoplankton

23. Global warming may cause rising sea levels.

26. Smog results in reduced crop yields.