1. TEN STEPS to IMPROVING COLLEGE READING SKILLS SIXTH EDITION © 2014 Townsend Press John Langan

2. 1 Vocabulary in Context

3. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context On the other hand, if you saw this word in a sentence, chances are you could come up with a fairly accurate definition. If you were asked to define the word adverse, you might have some difficulty.

4. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Look at the sentence below and see if the context helps you figure out the meaning of the word adverse. The adverse effects of this drug, including dizziness, nausea, and headaches, have caused it to be withdrawn from the market. Adverse means A. artificial. B. harmful.C. energetic.

5. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context The adverse effects of this drug, including dizziness, nausea, and headaches, have caused it to be withdrawn from the market. Adverse means A. artificial. B. harmful.C. energetic. B. harmful. Dizziness, nausea, and headaches are harmful effects. The context helps you figure out that adverse means “harmful.”

6. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Using context clues to understand the meaning of unfamiliar words will help you in several ways. 1 It will save you time when reading. You will not have to stop to look up words in the dictionary. 2 After you figure out the meaning of the same word more than once through its context, it may become a part of your working vocabulary. You will therefore add to your vocabulary simply by reading thoughtfully. 3 It will give you a good sense of how a word is actually used, including any shades of meaning it might have.

7. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues There are four common types of context clues. 1 Examples 2 Synonyms 3 Antonyms 4 General Sense of the Sentence or Passage

8. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues 1 Examples Examples may suggest the meaning of an unknown word.

9. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 1 Examples The adverse effects of this drug, including dizziness, nausea, and headaches, have caused it to be withdrawn from the market. Examples are often introduced with signal words and phrases like for example, for instance, including, and such as. Signal phrase Examples

10. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 1 Examples What is the meaning of the word mundane? In the sentence below, the italicized word is followed by examples that serve as context clues for that word. These examples, which are boldfaced, will help you figure out the meaning of the word. Mundane means A. exciting. B. painful.C. ordinary. Mundane activities such as doing the laundry or dishes or going food shopping or reading the newspaper all help me relax.

11. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 1 Examples Mundane means A. exciting. B. painful.C. ordinary. Mundane activities such as doing the laundry or dishes or going food shopping or reading the newspaper all help me relax. The three activities referred to are examples of mundane or ordinary activities. C. ordinary.

12. Mundane activities such as doing the laundry or dishes or going food shopping or reading the newspaper all help me relax. C. ordinary. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 1 Examples The three activities referred to are examples of mundane or ordinary activities. Notice the signal phrase that introduces the examples. such as

13. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues 2 Synonyms Context clues are often available in the form of a synonym: a word that means the same or almost the same as the unknown word. A synonym may appear anywhere in a passage to provide the same meaning as the unknown word.

14. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 2 Synonyms In the cartoon below, what word does the man use that tells you the meaning of the word terminate? © Randy Glasbergen. www.glasbergen.com

15. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 2 Synonyms The synonym that helps you understand the meaning of terminate is end. © Randy Glasbergen. www.glasbergen.com Synonym

16. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 2 Synonyms In the sentence below, what is the synonym of the word flippant? As soon as I made a flippant remark to my boss, I regretted sounding so disrespectful.

17. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 2 Synonyms As soon as I made a flippant remark to my boss, I regretted sounding so disrespectful. The synonym of flippant is “disrespectful.” The word disrespectful tells you the meaning of flippant.

18. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues 3 Antonyms An antonym—a word that means the opposite of another word—is also a useful context clue. Antonyms are sometimes signaled by words and phrases such as however, but, yet, on the other hand, instead of, and in contrast.

19. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 3 Antonyms I prefer the occasional disturbance of ear-splitting thunder to the incessant dripping of our kitchen sink. In the sentence above, the word occasional is an antonym that helps us realize that the word incessant means “nonstop.”

20. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 3 Antonyms I prefer the occasional disturbance of ear-splitting thunder to the incessant dripping of our kitchen sink. In the sentence above, the word occasional is an antonym that helps us realize that the word incessant means “nonstop.” = nonstop incessant

21. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 3 Antonyms In the sentence below, use the antonym to help you figure out the meaning of the word salutary. Salutary means A. well-known. B. beneficial.C. hurtful. Many people have pointed out the harmful effects that a working mother may have on the family, yet there are many salutary effects as well.

22. B. beneficial. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 3 Antonyms Salutary means A. well-known. C. hurtful. Many people have pointed out the harmful effects that a working mother may have on the family, yet there are many salutary effects as well. Salutary is the opposite of harmful, so the answer is beneficial. B. beneficial.

23. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 3 Antonyms Many people have pointed out the harmful effects that a working mother may have on the family, yet there are many salutary effects as well. Salutary is the opposite of harmful, so the answer is beneficial. B. beneficial. Note the word that signals the antonym. yet

24. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues 4 General Sense of the Sentence or Passage Sometimes it takes a bit more detective work to puzzle out the meaning of an unfamiliar word. In such cases, you must draw conclusions based on the information given with the word. Asking yourself questions about the passage may help you make a fairly accurate guess about the meaning of the unfamiliar word.

25. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 4 General Sense of the Sentence or Passage To figure out the meaning of alleviate, try asking this question: What would the patient want the prescription to do to his aches and pains?

26. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 4 General Sense of the Sentence or Passage To figure out the meaning of alleviate, try asking this question: What would the patient want the prescription to do to his aches and pains? The patient’s words to his doctor strongly suggest that alleviate means “lessen.”

27. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 4 General Sense of the Sentence or Passage Use the question below the sentence to help you figure out the meaning of the word fiasco. The car wash we organized to raise funds was a fiasco— it rained all day. (How successful would a carwash be on a rainy day?) Fiasco means A. great financial success. B. welcome surprise. C. complete disaster.

28. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / 4 General Sense of the Sentence or Passage The car wash we organized to raise funds was a fiasco— it rained all day. Fiasco means A. great financial success. B. welcome surprise. C. complete disaster. The sentence provides enough evidence for you to guess that fiasco means “complete disaster.” A carwash on a rainy day would be a complete disaster. C. complete disaster.

29. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues An Important Note about Textbook Definitions Very often, textbook authors define important terms. Also, after giving a definition, authors usually follow it with one or more examples to ensure that you understand the new term.

30. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / An Important Note about Textbook Definitions In the passage below, the author has defined the term displacement. People do not always satisfy their needs directly; sometimes they use a substitute object. Use of a substitute is known as displacement. This is the process that takes place, for instance, when you control your impulse to yell at your boss and then go home and yell at the first member of your family who is unlucky enough to cross your path. Definition Term

31. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / An Important Note about Textbook Definitions In the passage below, the author has defined the term displacement. People do not always satisfy their needs directly; sometimes they use a substitute object. Use of a substitute is known as displacement. This is the process that takes place, for instance, when you control your impulse to yell at your boss and then go home and yell at the first member of your family who is unlucky enough to cross your path. Definition Term The author then gives an example of the term. Example

32. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context Types of Context Clues / An Important Note about Textbook Definitions People do not always satisfy their needs directly; sometimes they use a substitute object. Use of a substitute is known as displacement. This is the process that takes place, for instance, when you control your impulse to yell at your boss and then go home and yell at the first member of your family who is unlucky enough to cross your path. Definition Term Textbook authors, then, often do more than provide context clues: they define a word, set it off in italic or boldface type, and provide examples as well. Example

33. CHAPTER 1 Vocabulary in Context