1. Aquatic Ecosystems as Sentinels of Change Field Station & Marine Lab Emerging Initiatives Workshop November 17, 2011 Colorado Springs, CO Craig Williamson Global Change Limnology Laboratory Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA

2. Karl et al. 2009. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States www.globalchange.gov/usimpacts.

3. Karl et al. 2008. Weather and climate extremes in a changing climate. US Climate Change Science Program Synthesis & Assessment Product 3.3

4. Peters et al. 2007. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6:229

6. Karl et al. 2009. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States www.globalchange.gov/usimpacts.

10. Indirect Effects of Climate Change: Wildfire

11. Bark Beetle Damage

12. Responses to Environmental Change: Where to sample?

13. Aquatic Ecosystems as Sentinels of Environmental Change: Sentinel Responses (some examples): Physical: Temperature - ice-cover period, water temperature, mixing depth Water Transparency – UV, PAR Chemical: Oxygen – supersaturation, hypoxia, anoxia pH – acidity, alkalinity (buffering capacity) Inorganic Carbon – Dissolved, particulate Biological: Organic Carbon – Dissolved (DOC), particulate (POC) Chlorophyll, other pigments – concentration, depth of maximum (DCM) Phyto & Zooplankton – small size, short T, rapid response, easy to sample

14. Aquatic Ecosystems as Sentinels of Environmental Change Biotic Consequences: - Biodiversity - Invasive species - Harmful algal blooms (HAB) - “Dead zones” from hypoxia or anoxia - Daphnia (model species) – growth, reproduction, vertical migration

15. Aquatic Ecosystems: Sensors in the Landscape  Most FSMLs have an one or more (stream, river, lake, ocean)  Many have long-term data on these systems.  Collectively create an infrastructure with great networking potential (work with GLEON, NEON, STREON).

16. 100% Increase in DOC in 16 Year Period: Hudson River, NY, USA Findlay et al. 2005. FEE 3: 133

17. Lake Giles UV Transparency: 14 year trend July data: Lake Giles, N.E. Pennsylvania, USA

18. Aquatic Ecosystems are also Integrators and Regulators of Environmental Change Williamson et al. 2009 Limnol Oceanogr 54:2273

19. Sensors in the landscape