2. Agenda Background Cisco Temperature structure of lakes Dissolved oxygen Methods Broader impacts

3. Coldwater stenothermal fish Common forage fish Cisco

4. Lake Temperature

5. Heat Budget Q T = Total Heat Q R = Heat from radiation Q L = Latent heat processes Q S = Sensible heat transfer

6. Dissolved Oxygen Euphotic Zone Benthic Zone

7. Eutrophication

8. Methods Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Provided by Madeline Magee

9. Oxythermal Stress

10. Why is this important?

11. Questions?

12. Sources [1] Carpenter, S.R., S.G. Fisher, N.B. Grimm, and J.F. Kitchell. 1992. Global change and fresh- water ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23, 119–139. [2] "Freshwater Ecosystems." Freshwater Ecosystems. N.p., 4 July 2011. Web. 15 Feb. 2015. [3] Fry, E.F.J. 1971. The Effect of Environmental Factors on the Physiology of Fish. Academic Press, New York, NY. [4] Hsieh, Y.F., Robertson, D.M., Lathrop, R.C., and Wu, C.H., Influences of air temperature, wind, and water clarity on 100-year trends in ice cover and water temperature in a dimictic lake, Limnology and Oceanography, Accepted under revision, 2013. [5] Huff, D.D, S.L. Hubler, and A.N. Borisenko. 2005. Using field data to estimate the realized thermal niche of aquatic vertebrates. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 25: 346-360 [6]"Lake Ecology -- Lake Zones." Lake Ecology -- Lake Zones. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2015. [7] Magnuson, J.J., et al. 1997. Potential effects of climate changes on aquatic systems: Laurentian Great Lakes and Precambrian Shield Region. Hydrol. Process. 11: 825-871 [8] Nurnburg, G.K. 1995. Quantifying anoxia in lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46: 1100-1111. [9] Rudstam, L.G. and Magnuson. 1985. Predicting the vertical distribution of fish populations: analysis of cisco, Coregonus artedii, and yellow perch, Perca flavescens. Can. J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 42 (6), 1178-1188. [10] "Water on the Web | Understanding | Lake Ecology | Density Stratification." Water on the Web | Understanding | Lake Ecology | Density Stratification. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.

13. Acknowledgements Professor Chin Wu Graduate student Madeline Magee