1. Finding Animal Alternatives Kathy Davies April 24 2003

2. Developing Search Strategy Reduce Smallest number necessary for study Determine necessary statistical data (pilot study) Refine Minimization of pain & distress Necessity of specific techniques Replace Use of non-animal model Alternative animals- (phylogenetically lower)

3. Developing Search Strategy Key Reduction terms reduce reduction experimental design statistical analysis model

4. Developing Search Strategy Refine terms focus: Pain and distress pain, stress, distress animal welfare postoperative postsurgery non-invasive discomfort

5. Developing Search Strategy Replacement terms: alternatives Artificial assay, membrane, model Chemical assay, membrane, model Simulation, theoretical model Computer modeling, prediction

6. Developing Search Strategy Replacement terms: In Vitro cell, cell line, cellular culture, tissue, tissue equivalent dermal equivalent organ, organelle cytostolic fraction subcellular fraction

7. Search Concepts Evaluate Each Technique Used anesthesia, surgery, antibody production Purpose of Technique– alternatives? Catheter to measure oxygenation– use transcutaneous measurement technique Techniques adapted from other species

8. Search Concepts Experimental protocol Techniques and methods used in study Species Area of research interest toxicology, neurology, etc Anatomy Systems, organs, etc involve in study

9. Search Concepts Agents used in study Chemicals, hormones, enzymes Trade names, chemical names, acronyms Bovine somatotropin, BST Research in this field Known authors Previous work in this area

10. Search Question I want to find possible alternative methods for producing antibodies to avoid using lab animals or perhaps not utilize rabbits.

11. Pub Med MEDLINE Two major animal use terms Animal Testing Alternatives Animal Use Alternatives MeSH Browser Suggests terms to use in search strategy Search History Combine separate terms into one set

12. PubMed MEDLINE Look at MeSH headings for additional terms to search Use OR operator for similar terms Related articles link find similar articles Cubby service store & update searches Clipboard stores citations to print/save

13. PubMed Search Example " Hybridomas"[MESH] OR "Antibody Formation"[MESH] "Animal Use Alternatives"[MESH] OR "Animal Use Alternatives"[MESH] #1 AND ##2

14. Searching GAILIEO Databases Available from GALILEO AGRICOLA, BIOSIS Previews Search using Advanced mode Limit to language, publication Sort by date or relevance Can limit to MCG owned May severely restrict results

15. Searching GAILIEO Databases Use Keywords and synonyms Use truncation symbol * to retrieve singular/plural words Use Related subject to view terms used to describe articles Can print/email/export results

16. AGRICOLA & Basic BIOSIS GALILEO, Click Science & Technology Click Agriculture then AGRICOLA Click Biology then Basic Biosis AGRICOLA animal & life science, veterinary medicine Basic BIOSIS biology, biotechnology, genetics, medicine

17. AGRICOLA Search Hybridoma* OR antibody production AND animal alternative*

18. Web of Science Database Available from Web of Knowledge Use key article or researcher to find related articles Must use abbreviations for journal titles Find articles that cite key reference

19. Web of Science Search Cited Reference Searching Cited Author stang bv Cited Work CONTEMP TOP LAB ANIM Cited Year 1998

20. ALTBIB Database Free Access Specialized Information Services Alternatives to the Use of Live Vertebrates Categories include: Neurotoxicity pulmonary toxicity, Immunotoxicity http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/altbib.html

21. ALTBIB Database Keyword search, use general terms Use Browse Index to see records for individual terms Sort/limit search by date, publication, author View Search Details and Search History Save checked items for print/download

22. TOXNET Databases Investigate toxicity of proposed chemical, hormone or enzyme agent Cluster of databases covering: hazardous substances, toxicology genetic toxicology, chemical information Search all/single/multiple database(s) http://www.toxnet.nlm.nih.gov

23. TOXLINE Database Biochemical, pharmacological, physiological, toxicological effects of drugs and chemicals Keyword search; one search box Can sort and save selected references Performs an automatic PubMed search; results appear in separate window

24. Hazardous Substances Database HSDB multiple categories for all records Subheadings under each category Animal toxicity studies Toxicology Values & Testing Status National Toxicology Program Studies Metabolism & pharmacokinectics Laboratory Methods

25. HSDB Searching Includes article/study references Link to records in other databases View search details Limit to specific categories Use keywords & synonyms

26. CRISP Database Federally funded biomedical research projects Search in several fields Subject Search Primary Investigator Grants, contracts, fellowships Institute & Centers NIH, CDC Fiscal Year, State http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/

27. Internet Resources AltWeb A-Z Alternative Topics List Journal Publications, News Updates http://altweb.jhsph.edu UC Center for Animal Alternatives Search Templates, Readings http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ Animal_Alternatives/main.htm# http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/ Animal_Alternatives/main.htm#

28. Internet Resources John Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Workshops, publications Grant funding http://caat.jhsph.edu/ Animal Welfare Information Center Alternatives & literature searches Databases & publications http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/

29. Finding Alternatives Hints Tips For Searching Alternatives To Animal Testing http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/alternatives/tips.htm http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/alternatives/tips.htm Search Terms And Strategies for the Three R’s http://www.frame.org.uk/Guide/search_terms. htm http://www.frame.org.uk/Guide/search_terms. htm