1. For hundreds of years Christian Europe had regarded the Jews as the Christ -killers. At one time or another Jews had been driven out of almost every European country. The way they were treated in England in the thirteenth century is a typical example.
In 1275 they were made to wear a yellow badge.
In Jews were hanged in the Tower of London.
Jews were a SCAPEGOAT
This deep prejudice against Jews was still strong in the twentieth century, especially in Germany, Poland and Eastern Europe, where the Jewish population was very large.
After the First World War hundreds of Jews were blamed for the defeat in the War. Prejudice against the Jews grew during the economic depression which followed. Many Germans were poor and unemployed and wanted someone to blame. They turned on the Jews, many of whom were rich and successful in business.

4. Between 1939 and 1945 six million Jews were murdered, along with hundreds of thousands of others, such as Gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses, disabled and the mentally ill.

5. Percentage of Jews killed in each country
AUSTRIA 35%
POLAND 91%
USSR 36%
NORWAY 45%
BELGIUM 45%
LUXEMBOURG 55%
ESTONIA 44%
ROMANIA 84%
A Total of 6,000,000 Jews
HUNGARY 74%
YUGOSLAVIA 81%
BOHEMIA 60%
LATVIA 84%
How did they manage to get together all these Jews to kills them?
How did they kill them when they had them?
To begin with there were concentration camps.
NETHERLANDS 71%
LITHUANIA 85%
GERMANY 36%
FRANCE 22%
GREECE 87%

6. A MAP OF THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND DEATH CAMPS USED BY THE NAZIS.
There were concentration camps and death camps. If you went to a death camp the chances of coming out alive were virtually nil.
Even at concentration camps though you were likely to die from the appalling conditions.
Or, if you were very young, old, or incapable of hard labour, it was likely you would be transferred to a death camp too.
Anne Frank died at Belsen from Typhoid.
Leonard Leher's mother and sisters were sent to Sobibor.
YOU MAY ASK "WHO WERE THESE PEOPLE WHO WERE SENT TO PLACES LIKE THIS?"
THEY WERE CHILDREN JUST LIKE YOU. THE ONLY DIFFERENCE WAS THEIR RACE AND THE RELIGION THEY FOLLOWED.

7. Concentration camp prisoners wearing triangles and inmate numbers.

8. Why Have Camps?
Essential to Nazi’s systematic oppression and eventual mass murder of enemies of Nazi Germany
Slave labor moved them towards their ultimate goal- “annihilation by work”
What was taken from Jews was used to provide goods for the German People

9. Three Steps on the Road to Genocide:
You cannot live among us as Jews.
You cannot live among us.
You cannot live.
Burning of Jewish books, including the Torah, 1934

10. Escalation of Hate Discrimination Genocide Prejudice
Institutionalized, government sponsored racism
Genocide
Discrimination
Prejudice
Stereotyping

11. The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew”~Adolf Hitler
Hitler’s minister of propaganda Joseph Goebbels, links love of Germany with hatred of the Jews

12. You cannot live among us as Jews.
Eugenics:
Based loosely on early 20th century understanding of the science of genetics, eugenicists believed that people should be bred as farmers breed animals: deliberately weeding out “inferior” traits through genetic selection. The Nazis believed that they could create a “a master race”.

13. You cannot live among us as Jews.
Above: “Juden Rause” (“Jews Get Out”), Nazi children’s board game
A group at exit 2 are “off to Palestine”

14. How did they know who was Jewish?
November 1935 German churches begin to collaborate with Nazis by supplying records indicating who is Christian
State of the art data processing was used to take a census in all German territory. Early on the Nazis included questions on religious heritage
The machine allowed Nazi officials to tabulate huge amounts of data very quickly
German Hollenith Machine – a subsidiary of IBM

15. You cannot live among us as Jews.
In 1934, Nazi scientists developed
This kit, which contained 29 samples of human hair. The samples were used by geneticists, anthropologists, and doctors to determine ancestry. Hair colour also became a means to prove the supposed superiority of Aryans and the inferiority of Jews, Gypsies, and those of “mixed breeds”.

16. You cannot live among us as Jews.
“The Eternal Jew” – a degenerate-art exhibition in Munich opened on November, The largest prewar anti-semitic exhibit produced by the Nazis, it depicted Jews as vile, subhuman creatures. The exhibit featured photographs pointing out the typically “Jewish” traits. The Jew was stereotyped as having a large hooked nose, enormous lips and sloping forehead.

17. You cannot live among us as Jews.

18. You cannot live among us.
Many Jews attempted to leave Germany. But many nations, including Great Britain, Canada & the United States limited Jewish immigration
Left: In 1939, 850 Jewish refugees attempt to enter British-controlled Palestine illegally.

19. You cannot live among us.
British officials arrested the 850 European Jewish immigrants and interned them in a detention center near Haifa.
Similarly, in 1939 the German refugee ship St. Louis attempted to find safe harbour for its Jewish passengers in Cuba & the US. Most end up back in Belgium & the Netherlands.

20. You cannot live among us.
Ghetto:
Evacuating the Jews from Germany, the Nazis created compulsory “Jewish Quarters” in most Polish cities and towns. The ghetto was a section of a city where all Jews from the surrounding areas were forced to reside, surrounded by barbed wire or walls
Left: Jewish labourers are forced to build a wall around the Warsaw ghetto

21. Nazi ghettos were a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews
Nazi ghettos were a preliminary step in the annihilation of the Jews. Ghettos became transition areas, used as collection points for deportation to concentration & death camps

22. You cannot live among us.
By spring of 1941, conditions inside Poland’s Warsaw Ghetto were hellish: Food was scarce, clothing consisted many of old rags, and medical supplies were virtually non-existent. Child mortality rates skyrocketed
Left: Orphan sleeping in Warsaw ghetto, 1941

23. You cannot live among us.

24. You cannot live among us.

25. You cannot live among us.
In 1941, German Jews were taken into “protective custody” and deported to concentration camps, build in eastern Germany & Poland.
Left: Jews being deported from German city of Baden-Baden

26. You cannot live among us.
In response to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Nazis destroyed the ghetto and moved the residents farther east “to safety”.

27. You cannot live among us.
Jews carried their few remaining possessions to train stations. They were then transported in freight and cattle cars. Not only were there no chairs, but the trains also lacked sanitation, food, water, and air.

28. Concentration Camps
Camps were built on railroad lines for efficient transportation
On arrival, all are given numbers- some have this tattooed on their wrist

29. You cannot live among us
In 1941, Romania also began to deport its Jews. The 2500 occupants of the lasi train were allowed to disembark for a few minutes. Burning and dehydrated, they immediately sought refuge in the cool mud before returning to the torture of the sealed railcars.

30. Step 3: You Cannot Live Law for the Protection of Hereditary Health
Idea was to improve the quality of the German race
Nazi policy to eliminate those “unworthy of life” (mentally or physically challenged) to promote Aryan “racial integrity”
Policy halted in 1941 due to outcry within Germany
Einsatzgruppen
(mobile killing units) had began killing operations aimed at entire Jewish communities in the 1930s.
Thought to have killed as many as 1 million people in six months
Vigorous participation of local police helped facilitate the killing

31. You cannot live
Fewer than half the 2500 Romanian Jews on the lasi death train survived the eight day train journey.
Death due to exhaustion, starvation, dehydration, and suffocation was common on the train transports.

32. You cannot live.
1941 kamenets-podolski ukraine, members of Einsatzkommandos and local Ukrainian nationalists murdered Jews in huge open pits. Mass shoots and graves in Estonia and Poland were inefficient and demoralized German soldiers. The Germans began to seek a more permanent solution to the Jewish problem.

33. You cannot live Final Solution:
The code name for the plan to destroy the Jews of Europe. In December, 1941, Jews were rounded up -- under the excuse of a “resettlement” program -- and sent to death camps in the East.

34. You cannot live
The sign over the entrance to Auschwitz said “Work makes one free.” However, Auschwitz was NOT a labour camp. It was actually the largest of the death camps.

35. You cannot live

36. You cannot live
This pile of clothes belonged to prisoners of the Dachau concentration camp
Most of it would be resold to German civilians.

37. You cannot live
The Germans deported the Dutch Jews east starting in mid-1942
Most believed they were going to labour camps
Few believed the death camps even existed.

38. You cannot live Mauthausen labour camp at liberation in 1945
Note how relatively well-fed and well-dressed the inmates look.

39. First you removed your valuables

40. Then you removed your shoes and clothes

41. Eyeglasses
Confiscated property from prisoners was kept in storerooms nicknamed “Kanada”. The sheer amount of loot stored there was associated with the riches of Canada

42. Then they removed your hair

43. Finally Prisoners were sent to gas chambers disguised as showers
Zyklon B gas used to gas people in 3 – 15 minutes
Up to 8000 people were gassed per day at Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest death camp with 4 operating gas chambers
Gold fillings from victims teeth were melted down to make gold bars
Prisoners moved dead bodies to massive crematoriums

44. You cannot live among us
The gas chambers, disguised as showers, mainly used carbon monoxide and Xylon-B. To meet the daily death quota, the SS guards gassed men, & women; the elderly & children.

45. You cannot live among us
Large industrial ovens were used to cremate the remains. Jewish inmates operated the ovens under SS supervision.

46. Nearing the End of the War
By 1945, the Nazis’ began to destroy crematoriums and camps as Allied troops closed in
Death Marches (Todesmarsche): Between , Nazis ordered marches over long distances. Approximately – prisoners perished in Death Marches
On January 27, 1945, the Soviet army entered Auschwitz (largest camp) and liberated more than 7,000 remaining prisoners, who were mostly ill and dying.

47. You cannot live among us
Corpse-laden-cart
Allied soldiers liberating the camps often had to dig mass graves.

48. You cannot live among us
Even after liberation, Bergen-Belsen inmates continued to die prisoners died from April 15 to June 20, 1945.

49. You cannot live among us
Buchenwald, 1945: The human remains on this table included two shrunken heads and a lampshade allegedly made from human skin. The commandant’s wife, Ilse Koch, kept a collection of tattooed human skin

50. You cannot live among us
Nazi doctors did high pressure experiments (left) and radiation experiments (below).

51. You cannot live among us
1945, Soviet troops liberated Auschwitz. Rudolf Hoess, Commander of Auschwitz, was asked if the Jews whom he had murdered had in any way deserved their fate. He answered, “Don’t you see, we SS men were not supposed to think about these things ... Besides, it was something already taken for granted that the Jews were to blame for everything.”
You cannot live among us

52. Estimated Jewish Survivors of Holocaust: 3,546,211

53. 16 of the 44 children taken from a French children’s home.
They were sent to a concentration camp and later to Auschwitz.
ONLY 1 SURVIVED
HOW DID THEY KILL THESE INNOCENT CHILDREN, ALONG WITH THEIR PARENTS, GRANDPARENTS, FRIENDS ETC..
YOU WILL ALL HAVE PROBABLY HEARD OF THE WAY NAZiS GASSED THE JEWS.
A group of children at a concentration camp in Poland.

54. Part of a stockpile of Zyklon-B poison gas pellets found at Majdanek death camp.
Before poison gas was used , Jews were gassed in mobile gas vans. Carbon monoxide gas from the engine’s exhaust was fed into the sealed rear compartment. Victims were dead by the time they reached the burial site.
THIS IS THE GAS THAT WAS INTRODUCED IN 1942.
JEWS WERE SENT INTO SEALED SHOWER UNITS ON THE PRETENCE THAT THEY WERE GOING TO BE SHOWERED. PELLETS WERE THEN PLACED INTO THE SHOWER HEADS AND GAS CAME FROM THE SHOWERS INSTEAD OF WATER.
15 MINUTES LATER THE SHOWER ROOM WOULD BE EMPTIED, BODIES WERE ALWAYS IN A PYRAMID SHAPE, PEOPLE TRIED TO CLIMB ON TOP OF ONE ANOTHER TO ESCAPE THE GAS.
BEFORE THIS TYPE OF KILLING METHOD WAS INTRODUCED THOUGH A MORE PRIMITIVE GASSING METHOD WAS USED....
I DON'T KNOW HOW, OR EVEN WHY THIS PHOTO WAS TAKEN, BUT IT SHOWS SOME MEN AWAITING DEATH ON THEIR WAY TO THEIR BURIAL PLACE.
DID THEY ALWAYS BURY THE DEAD?

55. Smoke rises as the bodies are burnt.
NO.
MORE OFTEN THAN NOT, ESPECIALLY WHEN THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE MURDERED GREW ESPECIALLY HIGH, NAZIS BURNED THE BODIES.
SO WHAT OTHER METHODS WERE USED TO SYSTEMATICALLY MURDER THESE PEOPLE?

56. Jewish women, some holding infants, are forced to wait in a line before their execution by Germans and Ukrainian collaborators.
MASS EXECUTION USING A FIRING SQUAD WAS COMMON.
THESE WOMEN HAVE BEEN ORDERED TO REMOVE EVERYTHING, CLOTHES, JEWELLERY, EVEN WEDDING RINGS AND ARE BEING FORCED TO LINE UP AND WAIT FOR THEIR TURN TO BE KILLED.
SOME TIME LATER...

57. A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive in the ravine after the mass execution.
THEY HAVE BEEN ORDERED TO LIE, FACE DOWN ON THE GROUND AND HAVE BEEN SHOT.
THE GERMAN POLICEMAN IS SHOOTING INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE ESCAPED DEATH FROM THE INITIAL ROUND OF BULLETS.
THIS IS HORRIFIC BUT WE CANNOT SEE THE INDIVIDUAL FACES OF THOSE KILLED, WE DON'T REALLY KNOW WHO THEY ARE OR WHAT THEY REALLY LOOKED LIKE.
SO TAKE A LOOK AT THIS NEXT PICTURE...

58. Portrait of two-year-old Mania Halef, a Jewish child who was among the 33,771 persons shot by the SS during the mass executions at Babi Yar, September, 1941.
THIS PICTURE TELLS US A LOT.
HER PARENTS ARE OBVIOUSLY WEALTHY ENOUGH TO HAVE HAD A PORTRAIT DONE, SO IT SHOWS US THAT THE STATUS OF THE JEWS DID NOT MATTER TO THE NAZIS. IT WAS NOT JUST THE POOR WHICH WERE KILLED.
THEY WERE KILLED REGARDLESS OF WEALTH OR STATUS, THEIR DEATH WAS DETERMINED BY RELIGION AND RACE.

59. Nazis sift through a huge pile of clothes left by victims of the massacre.
Two year old Mani Halef’s clothes are somewhere amongst these.
GIVES SOME IDEA OF THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE.
BUT WHY DID THE NAZI WANT THEM TO REMOVE THEIR CLOTHES?
WHAT DID THEY WANT WITH THEIR JEWELLERY, CLOTHES, EVEN HAIR?

60. Bales of hair shaven from women at Auschwitz, used to make felt-yarn.
After liberation, an Allied soldier displays a stash of gold wedding rings taken from victims at Buchenwald.
THESE PICTURES SHOW WHAT THEY WANTED.
WERE THE NAZI'S NOT WORRIED ABOUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR ACTIONS?
DID THEY NOT THINK ABOUT WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IF ALLIED COUNTRIES DISCOVERED WHAT WAS HAPPENING?

61. In 1943, when the number of murdered Jews exceeded 1 million
In 1943, when the number of murdered Jews exceeded 1 million. Nazis ordered the bodies of those buried to be dug up and burned to destroy all traces.
OBVIOUSLY TOWARDS THE END OF THE WAR THEY TRIED TO COVER THEIR TRACKS.
IT WAS NOT GUILT THOUGH AND THEY DID NOT DO THE WORK THEMSELVES. THEY MADE JEWS AND OTHER PRISONERS OF WAR DIG UP THE BODIES AND BURN THEM INSTEAD.
Soviet POWs at forced labor in 1943 exhuming bodies in the ravine at Babi Yar, where the Nazis had murdered over 33,000 Jews in September of 1941.

62. “Until September 14, 1939 my life was typical of a young Jewish boy in that part of the world in that period of time.
I lived in a Jewish community surrounded by gentiles. Aside from my immediate family, I had many relatives and knew all the town people, both Jews and gentiles. Almost two weeks after the outbreak of the war and shortly after my Bar Mitzvah, my world exploded.
In the course of the next five and a half years I lost my entire family and almost everyone I ever knew. Death, violence and brutality became a daily occurrence in my life while I was still a young teenager.”
Leonard Lerer, 1991
WHY?
THIS PICTURE IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT SHOWS A FAMILY WHOSE LIVED THROUGH THIS AWFUL TIME.
AFTER ALL THAT HORRIFIC EVIDENCE OF WHAT HAPPENED THERE SHOULD ONLY BE ONE QUESTION ON YOUR MINDS. A QUESTION WHICH WE WILL TRY TO ANSWER OVER THE NEXT FEW LESSONS....
(MOUSE CLICK) WHY.