2. What were the main terms of the Treaty against Germany? War Guilt Clause Reduction of Germany’s armed forces – only 100,000 men in army Rhineland demilitarised Reparations bill set – £6.6 billion Germany lost land – e.g. Alsace and Lorraine, and its foreign empire

3. Versailles – Good or Bad? Bad Too harsh on Germany Left Germany resentful Lloyd George was worried that it would fail to allow economic revival in Europe. Didn’t tie in with Fourteen Points – especially self- determination Good Best Treaty in circumstances People in France and Britain demanded revenge Germany herself had imposed harsh treaty on Russia in 1917.

6. League of Nations – key detail What were the aims of the League? What did the Covenant of the League say? How did the League work? [You do not need full details for the last question – just make sure you know about the Council and Assembly and their different functions, and the voting system.]

7. The Structure of the League

8. Membership of the League of Nations

10. Some Successes for the League 1.Upper Silesia 1921 -Industrial area on border of Germany and Poland; -Contained both Polish and German people; -Rich in iron and steel, and claimed by both Germany and Poland; -League organised plebiscite 1920 – policed by GB and France -Vote was divided – rural areas for Poland, industrial areas for Germany; -League successfully divided the region accordingly, building in safeguards against future disputes.

11. 2.The Aaland Islands 1921 -Sweden and Finland disputed ownership of the islands; -League arbitrated and awarded islands to Finland; -Sweden accepted decision 3.Corfu 1923 -Mussolini attacked and invaded Corfu in retaliation for the murder of an Italian general, for which he blamed Greeks; -The League condemned Mussolini, but also demanded compensation from the Greeks, to be paid to the League until Mussolini withdrew from Corfu; -Mussolini had the Conference of Ambassadors change the ruling, getting compensation paid direct to Italy, with an apology; -Mussolini then withdrew from Corfu.

12. The settlement of the dispute between Italy and Greece, though not strictly a League victory, upheld the principles on which it was based. From J and G Stokes, Europe and the Modern World, 1973.

13. The League’s Failure in the 1930s Why did the League fail at this time?

14. Timetable of Hitler’s Foreign Policy

15. Appeasement and the Outbreak of War Why was appeasement followed by Britain and France in the 1930s? What were the consequences of each action of appeasement? What do you think were the most important events that lead to war?

16. Some Reasons for Appeasement

17. Some Consequences of Appeasement

18. Hitler has got away with it. France is not marching. No wonder the faces of Göring and Blomberg [Nazi leaders] were all smiles. Oh, the stupidity (or is it the paralysis?) of the French. I learnt today that the German troops had orders to beat a hasty retreat if the French army opposed them in any way. Written by William Shirer in 1936. He was an American journalist in Germany during the 1930s. He was a critic of the Nazi regime and had to flee from Germany in 1940. Some reactions to appeasement