1. . © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter Twenty-One Violence: Prevention and Protection

2. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 2 What Is Violence and Assault? Violence: the use of force or the threat of force to inflict intentional injury, physical or psychological, on oneself or to another person Assault: an attack by one person on another using force or the threat of force to intentionally inflict injury Aggravated assault: an attack that causes bodily injury, usually with a weapon or other means capable of producing grave bodily harm or death Simple assault: an attack without a weapon that causes less serious physical harm

3. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 3 Crime Rates and Violence Facts The U.S. is commonly believed to be one of the most violent nations in the industrialized world. Rates of violent crime are actually lower in the U.S. than in most other developed countries, except in the area of homicide. Rates of homicide committed with a handgun are higher in the U.S. than any other country. Firearms are attributed to about 1/3 of all violent crimes and 70% of all homicides.

4. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 4 Risk Factors for Violence Age Sex Ethnicity Socioeconomic level Lack of economic, educational, or employment opportunities Exposure to media violence Use of drugs/alcohol Availability of guns Public School System Family background –Child abuse –Criminal activity by family members –Lack of positive role models –Chaotic family organization Biological factors

5. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 5 Trends in Violent Crime Experts have proposed the following factors as explanations for the latest drop in violent crime rates: Demographics (population of young men aged 14- 24) Crack cocaine (drug choice has shifted to marijuana) Economic expansion (more legitimate jobs available) Law enforcement/incarceration (stricter laws) Expansion of resources for victims (better protection and services for the victims)

6. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 6 Types of Violence School Violence Youth Gangs College Campus Violence Sexual Violence Child Sexual Abuse Sexual Harassment Family Violence Stalking and Cyberstalking Workplace Violence Hate Crime Terrorism © Ann Burgraff/Corbis

7. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 7 School Violence Mass shootings in schools are shocking but rare. Despite decline in student victims of crime at school, 7 in 10 teachers and students feel violence is a major problem. –Federal laws include the Gun-Free Schools Act and Drug- Free Schools Act (both zero-tolerance policies) Experts recommend measures such as: –Mental health services for students –Social support for families –Classes in anger management –More extracurricular activities –Measures that would reduce access to guns by children and adolescents

8. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 8 Youth Gangs Associations of adolescents and young adults aged 12 to 24 are organized to control a territory. Gangs conduct illegal activities like drug trafficking. Violence is part of members’ lives, in their families and communities before they join a gang. –Members derive sense of belonging, purpose, self-esteem, security, protection, and income Communities can help by: –Strengthening social institutions (schools and churches), encouraging parents and community leaders to supervise adolescent activities. Prison programs need to prevent recycling of adult gang members through: –Job training and drug treatment programs

9. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 9 Violence on College Campuses Most colleges have responded to violence by: –Raising the visibility of campus security –Tightening security controls –Implementing stringent discipline programs Two federal laws regulate how crime on campuses that receive federal funding is treated by requiring disclosure to the community. The Campus Sexual Assault Victims’ Bill of Rights Act requires administrators to provide justice, medical treatment, and psychological counseling for crime victims and survivors. Reduced incidents of hazing and hate speech have created a safer environment.

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20. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 20 Why Are We Violent? One perspective… To understand, violence and the anger that pushes it, one has to understand the four basic root causes of anger as described in ACCI's Workbooks. But, even more essential than that, one has to go to the deepest sense of who we are, our personal way of being. There are two ways to be; one is responsive and the other is resistant. A responsive person is more open and kind, whereas a resistant person is more closed and mean. Resistant, self deceived offenders commit violence from the deepest sense of who they are. Amercan Community Corrections Institute, http://www.accilifeskills.com/anger- management/ March 1, 2010http://www.accilifeskills.com/anger- management/ * Resistant people commit violence in their hearts long before their hands do. * The sign of violence is not a hit, but a hurt. * Violence is a choice; it is not merely an act, but a way of being. * Nonviolence, like violence, is deeper than behavior. * Self deceived violent people detach themselves from the feelings of others. * In the resistant way of being, "I violate others by marginalizing their reality and reducing them to an object. In doing so, I elevate myself. " * In the resistant way of being, "I batter for control without mercy or compassion." * In violating my children, I destroy future generations. * "When I violate others, I produce a violence in them that justifies me in violating them." * In the resistant way of being, "I invite problems into my life, not solutions. * In the violent way of being, "I portray myself in ways that justify me and makes the wrong I do seem right." * In the resistant way of being, "I impede the flow of life's light and energy. I repel others and live a life filled with self." * Violence springs from the very essence of who I am, and who I am destroys me. Violence in a society is brought on by the way of being of its citizenry. To intervene in violent behavior, a person must change from a resistive person to a responsive person. That requires a change of being.

21. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 21 Why Are We Violent? One perspective… To understand, violence and the anger that pushes it, one has to understand the four basic root causes of anger as described in ACCI's Workbooks. But, even more essential than that, one has to go to the deepest sense of who we are, our personal way of being. There are two ways to be; one is responsive and the other is resistant. A responsive person is more open and kind, whereas a resistant person is more closed and mean. Resistant, self deceived offenders commit violence from the deepest sense of who they are. * Resistant people commit violence in their hearts long before their hands do. * The sign of violence is not a hit, but a hurt. * Violence is a choice; it is not merely an act, but a way of being. * Nonviolence, like violence, is deeper than behavior. * Self deceived violent people detach themselves from the feelings of others. * In the resistant way of being, "I violate others by marginalizing their reality and reducing them to an object. In doing so, I elevate myself. " * In the resistant way of being, "I batter for control without mercy or compassion." * In violating my children, I destroy future generations. * "When I violate others, I produce a violence in them that justifies me in violating them." * In the resistant way of being, "I invite problems into my life, not solutions. * In the violent way of being, "I portray myself in ways that justify me and makes the wrong I do seem right." * In the resistant way of being, "I impede the flow of life's light and energy. I repel others and live a life filled with self." * Violence springs from the very essence of who I am, and who I am destroys me. Violence in a society is brought on by the way of being of its citizenry. To intervene in violent behavior, a person must change from a resistive person to a responsive person. That requires a change of being. * Resistant people commit violence in their hearts long before their hands do. * The sign of violence is not a hit, but a hurt. * Violence is a choice; it is not merely an act, but a way of being. * Nonviolence, like violence, is deeper than behavior. * Self deceived violent people detach themselves from the feelings of others.

22. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 22 Why Are We Violent? One perspective… To understand, violence and the anger that pushes it, one has to understand the four basic root causes of anger as described in ACCI's Workbooks. But, even more essential than that, one has to go to the deepest sense of who we are, our personal way of being. There are two ways to be; one is responsive and the other is resistant. A responsive person is more open and kind, whereas a resistant person is more closed and mean. Resistant, self deceived offenders commit violence from the deepest sense of who they are. * Resistant people commit violence in their hearts long before their hands do. * The sign of violence is not a hit, but a hurt. * Violence is a choice; it is not merely an act, but a way of being. * Nonviolence, like violence, is deeper than behavior. * Self deceived violent people detach themselves from the feelings of others. * In the resistant way of being, "I violate others by marginalizing their reality and reducing them to an object. In doing so, I elevate myself. " * In the resistant way of being, "I batter for control without mercy or compassion." * In violating my children, I destroy future generations. * "When I violate others, I produce a violence in them that justifies me in violating them." * In the resistant way of being, "I invite problems into my life, not solutions. * In the violent way of being, "I portray myself in ways that justify me and makes the wrong I do seem right." * In the resistant way of being, "I impede the flow of life's light and energy. I repel others and live a life filled with self." * Violence springs from the very essence of who I am, and who I am destroys me. Violence in a society is brought on by the way of being of its citizenry. To intervene in violent behavior, a person must change from a resistive person to a responsive person. That requires a change of being. In the resistant way of being, "I violate others by marginalizing their reality and reducing them to an object. In doing so, I elevate myself. ” * In the resistant way of being, "I batter for control without mercy or compassion.” * In violating my children, I destroy future generations. * "When I violate others, I produce a violence in them that justifies me in violating them."

23. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 23 Why Are We Violent? One perspective… To understand, violence and the anger that pushes it, one has to understand the four basic root causes of anger as described in ACCI's Workbooks. But, even more essential than that, one has to go to the deepest sense of who we are, our personal way of being. There are two ways to be; one is responsive and the other is resistant. A responsive person is more open and kind, whereas a resistant person is more closed and mean. Resistant, self deceived offenders commit violence from the deepest sense of who they are. * Resistant people commit violence in their hearts long before their hands do. * The sign of violence is not a hit, but a hurt. * Violence is a choice; it is not merely an act, but a way of being. * Nonviolence, like violence, is deeper than behavior. * Self deceived violent people detach themselves from the feelings of others. * In the resistant way of being, "I violate others by marginalizing their reality and reducing them to an object. In doing so, I elevate myself. " * In the resistant way of being, "I batter for control without mercy or compassion." * In violating my children, I destroy future generations. * "When I violate others, I produce a violence in them that justifies me in violating them." * In the resistant way of being, "I invite problems into my life, not solutions. * In the violent way of being, "I portray myself in ways that justify me and makes the wrong I do seem right." * In the resistant way of being, "I impede the flow of life's light and energy. I repel others and live a life filled with self." * Violence springs from the very essence of who I am, and who I am destroys me. Violence in a society is brought on by the way of being of its citizenry. To intervene in violent behavior, a person must change from a resistive person to a responsive person. That requires a change of being. * In the resistant way of being, "I invite problems into my life, not solutions. * In the violent way of being, "I portray myself in ways that justify me and makes the wrong I do seem right." * In the resistant way of being, "I impede the flow of life's light and energy. I repel others and live a life filled with self." * Violence springs from the very essence of who I am, and who I am destroys me.

24. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 24 Overcoming Anger http://www.angerbusters.com/

25. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 25 Sexual Violence Sexual assault is any sexual behavior that is forced on someone without his or her consent. Includes the following: –Rape (forced sexual intercourse) –Forced sodomy (anal intercourse) –Child sexual abuse –Sexual harassment –Stalking and Cyberstalking –Incest Sexual coercion is the imposition of sexual activity on someone through the threat of nonphysical punishment, promise of reward, or verbal pressure rather than through force or threat of force.

26. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 26 Types of Rape Statutory Rape: sexual intercourse with someone under the age of consent whether consent was given or not Stranger Rape: committed by someone unknown to the victim Acquaintance Rape: committed by someone known to the victim Date Rape: committed by someone with whom the victim has a dating relationship Male Rape: the victim is a man

27. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 27 What to Do if You Are Raped Do whatever you need to do and can do to survive. Seek help as soon as possible by contacting law enforcement. To preserve evidence, do not shower, change your clothes, or modify the crime scene. Document everything you can remember about the attack. Visit a hospital afterwards to be given a rape exam. Rape counseling is critical to recovery.

28. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 28 Other Forms of Sexual Violence Child Sexual Abuse Any interaction between a child and an adult or an older child for the sexual gratification of the perpetrator. –Incest: sexual activity between family members (a particularly traumatic form of child sexual abuse) Sexual Harassment Includes two broad types of behavior or situations: A person of authority who offers benefits for sexual favors or threatens retaliation for withholding sex Suggestive language or intimidating conduct that creates a hostile atmosphere that interferes with a person’s work or academic performance

29. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 29 Family and Intimate Partner Violence Family Violence is a broad term that includes several forms of violence or abuse: Child abuse Elder abuse Violence against persons with disabilities Intimate Partner Violence or Domestic Violence is abuse against one’s partner in an intimate relationship. –The vast majority of victims are women (95-98%). –The American Medical Association has stated that the home is more dangerous to women than city streets.

30. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 30 Other Forms of Violence Workplace Violence: violent acts directed toward persons at work or on duty Hate Crimes: crimes motivated by bias against the victim’s ethnicity, race, religion, sexual orientation, or disability Terrorism: violence directed against persons or property, including civilian populations, for the purpose of instilling fear and engendering a sense of helplessness

31. © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 31 How to Prevent Violence? Individuals can take many steps to reduce their chances of becoming a victim of violence by doing the following: Restrict the use of handguns Be more aware of their surroundings Avoid alcohol and drugs, especially in certain environments Support community efforts to prevent and reduce crime

32. . © 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 32 Chapter Twenty-One Violence: Prevention and Protection