1. BIRTH OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC BELL WORK #4 If someone works they may be tired from a job and found it hard to pay attention in class

2. THE 13 ENGLISH COLONIES By 1750, a string of 13 prosperous colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America. They were part of Britain’s growing empire. Colonial cities such as Boston, New York, and Philadelphia were busy centers of commerce linking North America, the West Indies, Africa, and Europe. Colonial shipyards produced many vessels used in that global trade By 1750, a string of 13 prosperous colonies stretched along the eastern coast of North America. They were part of Britain’s growing empire. Colonial cities such as Boston, New York, and Philadelphia were busy centers of commerce linking North America, the West Indies, Africa, and Europe. Colonial shipyards produced many vessels used in that global trade

3. THE 13 ENGLISH COLONIES By the 1600s, Parliament had passed the Navigation Acts to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing. By the 1600s, Parliament had passed the Navigation Acts to regulate colonial trade and manufacturing. Ways of life differed form New England to the southern colonies. Still, colonists shared common values, respect for individual enterprise, and a growing self confidence. They also had an increasing sense of their own destiny separate from Britain. Ways of life differed form New England to the southern colonies. Still, colonists shared common values, respect for individual enterprise, and a growing self confidence. They also had an increasing sense of their own destiny separate from Britain.

4. GROWING DISCONTENT After 1763, relations between Britain and the 13 colonies grew strained. The Seven Years’ War, called the French and Indian War in North America, had drained the British treasury. King George III and his ministers thought that the colonists should help pay for the war and for the troops still stationed on the frontier and Parliament passed new laws that raised taxes from the colonies. After 1763, relations between Britain and the 13 colonies grew strained. The Seven Years’ War, called the French and Indian War in North America, had drained the British treasury. King George III and his ministers thought that the colonists should help pay for the war and for the troops still stationed on the frontier and Parliament passed new laws that raised taxes from the colonies. “No taxation without representation,” they protested. Since they had no representatives in Parliament, they believed, Parliament had no right to tax them. “No taxation without representation,” they protested. Since they had no representatives in Parliament, they believed, Parliament had no right to tax them.

5. EARLY CLASHES In 1770, British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a crowd that was pelting them with stones and snowballs. Colonists called the death a five protesters the “Boston Massacre.” In 1773, a handful of colonists staged the Boston Tea Party, hurling a cargo of recently arrived British tea into the harbor to protest a tax on tea. When Parliament passed harsh laws to punish Massachusetts, other colonies rallied to its support. In 1770, British soldiers in Boston opened fire on a crowd that was pelting them with stones and snowballs. Colonists called the death a five protesters the “Boston Massacre.” In 1773, a handful of colonists staged the Boston Tea Party, hurling a cargo of recently arrived British tea into the harbor to protest a tax on tea. When Parliament passed harsh laws to punish Massachusetts, other colonies rallied to its support.

6. FIGHTING BEGINS In April 1775, the crisis exploded into war. Colonial leaders met in a Continental Congress to decide what action to take. Members included some extraordinary men: the radical yet fair-minded Boston lawyer John Adams, the Virginia planter and soldier George Washington, and such pillars of the America Enlightenment as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. In April 1775, the crisis exploded into war. Colonial leaders met in a Continental Congress to decide what action to take. Members included some extraordinary men: the radical yet fair-minded Boston lawyer John Adams, the Virginia planter and soldier George Washington, and such pillars of the America Enlightenment as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson.

7. DECLARING INDEPENDENCE The Congress set up a Continental Army, with George Washington in command. The following year, it took a momentous step, voting to declare independence form Britain. Young Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence, a document that clearly reflects the ideas of John Locke. “Among these life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Congress set up a Continental Army, with George Washington in command. The following year, it took a momentous step, voting to declare independence form Britain. Young Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence, a document that clearly reflects the ideas of John Locke. “Among these life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration claimed that people had the right “to alter or abolish” unjust governments a right to revolt. The Declaration claimed that people had the right “to alter or abolish” unjust governments a right to revolt.

8. July 4 th So, on July 4, 1776, American leaders adopted the Declaration, pledging “our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor” to the cause of the United States of America. So, on July 4, 1776, American leaders adopted the Declaration, pledging “our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor” to the cause of the United States of America.

9. The American Revolution At first, the American cause looked bleak. At first, the American cause looked bleak. Loyalists who supported Britain refused to fight for either side. Loyalists who supported Britain refused to fight for either side. Battling for independence did have some advantages. They were fighting on their own ground for their farms and towns. Although the British held New York and Philadelphia, rebels controlled the countryside. Battling for independence did have some advantages. They were fighting on their own ground for their farms and towns. Although the British held New York and Philadelphia, rebels controlled the countryside.

10. THE FRENCH ALLIANCE A turning point in the war came with the American triumph over the British in 1777 at the Battle of Saratoga. The victory convinced France to join the Americans against its old rival, Britain. The alliance brought the Americans desperately needed supplies, trained soldiers, and French warships. Spurred by the French example, the Netherlands and Spain soon added their support. A turning point in the war came with the American triumph over the British in 1777 at the Battle of Saratoga. The victory convinced France to join the Americans against its old rival, Britain. The alliance brought the Americans desperately needed supplies, trained soldiers, and French warships. Spurred by the French example, the Netherlands and Spain soon added their support.

11. THE FRENCH ALLIANCE By, 1777-1778, Continental troops at Valley Forge suffered from cold, hunger, and disease. Through this crisis and others, George Washington proved a patient, courageous, and determined leader able to hold the ragged army together. By, 1777-1778, Continental troops at Valley Forge suffered from cold, hunger, and disease. Through this crisis and others, George Washington proved a patient, courageous, and determined leader able to hold the ragged army together.

12. TREATY OF PARIS Finally, in 1781, with the help of the French Fleet, Washington forced the surrender of a British army at Yorktown, Virginia. With that defeat, the British war effort crumbled. Two years later, American, British and French negotiators signed the Treaty of Paris ending the war. In it, Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America. It also, accepted the new nation’s western frontier as the Mississippi River. Finally, in 1781, with the help of the French Fleet, Washington forced the surrender of a British army at Yorktown, Virginia. With that defeat, the British war effort crumbled. Two years later, American, British and French negotiators signed the Treaty of Paris ending the war. In it, Britain recognized the independence of the United States of America. It also, accepted the new nation’s western frontier as the Mississippi River.

13. THE IMPACT OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS The farmers of the constitution had absorbed the ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau and had studied history. The farmers of the constitution had absorbed the ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau and had studied history. They provided not only for an elective legislature but also for an elected president rather than a hereditary monarch. They provided not only for an elective legislature but also for an elected president rather than a hereditary monarch. The Constitution created a federal republic, with power divided between the federal, or national, government and the states. A central feature of the new federal government was the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, an idea borrowed directly from Montesquieu. The Constitution created a federal republic, with power divided between the federal, or national, government and the states. A central feature of the new federal government was the separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, an idea borrowed directly from Montesquieu.