2. Splash Screen

3. Section 1-4 Preview of Events China Reunified

4. Section 1-7 (pages 247–249) The Sui Dynasty and The Tang Dynasty China fell into chaos after the Han dynasty ended in 220.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 581, the Sui dynasty was set up.  It was short-lived, but the Sui dynasty did unify China under the emperor’s authority.

5. Section 1-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Sui Dynasty and The Tang Dynasty (cont.) He used forced labor to build the canal.  This practice, extravagant living, high taxes, and military failures caused a rebellion and the dynasty ended. Emperor Sui Yangdi built the Grand Canal that linked the Huang He (Yellow River) and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze River), making it easier to ship rice from the south to the north.  (pages 247–249)

6. Section 1-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Tang rulers began by instituting reforms, restoring the civil service examination for recruiting civilian bureaucrats, and trying to stabilize the economy by giving land to peasants and breaking up the power of large landowners. The Tang dynasty lasted from 618 to 907.  The Sui Dynasty and The Tang Dynasty (cont.) (pages 247–249)

7. Section 1-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Neighboring states like Korea offered tribute to powerful China, and China’s court had diplomatic relations with the states of Southeast Asia. They extended their control to the borders of Tibet, an area north of the Himalaya.  The Sui Dynasty and The Tang Dynasty (cont.) (pages 247–249)

8. Section 1-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Tang rulers were not able to prevent plotting and government corruption.  Tang Xuanzang was a particularly unfortunate emperor.  He was in love with a commoner’s daughter. Like the Han, the Tang dynasty brought about its own destruction.  The Sui Dynasty and The Tang Dynasty (cont.) (pages 247–249)

9. Section 1-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. It is said that for the rest of his life, the emperor “washed his face every day with a fountain of tears.” When a general rebelled and demanded someone pay for the war and strife in his country, the emperor invited his beloved to hang herself, which she did.  The Sui Dynasty and The Tang Dynasty (cont.) (pages 247–249)

10. Section 1-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Tang rulers hired Uighurs, a northern tribal group of Turkic-speaking people, to fight for the dynasty.  Continued unrest led to the collapse of Tang rule in 907. During the eighth century, the Tang dynasty weakened.  The Sui Dynasty and The Tang Dynasty (cont.) (pages 247–249)

11. Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 249–250) The Song Dynasty The Song ruled from 960 to 1279, during a period of economic and cultural achievement.  China’s northern neighbors were a problem, however. Their threat caused Song rulers to move the imperial court to Hangzhou.

12. Section 1-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Song Dynasty (cont.) During the 1200s, the Mongols– a nomadic people from the Gobi–built a vast empire.  Within 70 years, the Mongols overthrew the Song dynasty and created a Mongol dynasty in China. (pages 249–250)

13. Section 1-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Using the civil service exam to pick civil servants by merit undermined the power of the aristocrats and created a new class of scholar-gentry.  Passing the exam was crucial for a government career.  Preparation for it began at a young age.  For years, students memorized many Confucian classics.  A text’s meaning was explained only after it was completely memorized. The Song Dynasty (cont.) (pages 249–250)

14. Section 1-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Manual labor was forbidden to these students.  The Song introduced the practice of “name covering.”  Test graders did not know the name of the students whose exams they were grading. The Song Dynasty (cont.) (pages 249–250)

15. Section 1-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 250–251) Government and the Economy It was seven hundred years from the beginning of the Sui to the end of the Song dynasties.  China was a monarchy that had a large bureaucracy.  Outside the capital, government had a structure of provinces, districts, and villages.  Agriculture, manufacturing, and trade grew dramatically during these seven hundred years.

16. Section 1-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Government and the Economy (cont.) China was still primarily a farming society.  The majority of the peasants had become serfs or slaves for wealthy, large landowners.  The Song tried to weaken their power and help the poor peasants get their own land.  These reform efforts and advances in farming techniques created an abundance of food. (pages 250–251)

17. Section 1-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Technological advances added products and stimulated trade.  The Chinese began to make steel, which was used to make swords and sickles.  The introduction of cotton made new kinds of clothes.  Gunpowder was invented during the Tang dynasty.  It was used to make explosives and a weapon called a fire-lance, which shot out flame and projectiles up to 40 yards. Government and the Economy (cont.) (pages 250–251)

18. Section 1-23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Woodblock printing was developed during the Tang dynasty.  Books could be mass produced.  The first complete book to be printed was a Buddhist work, printed in 868.  In the eleventh century, the Chinese invented movable type. Government and the Economy (cont.) (pages 250–251)

19. Section 1-24 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Long-distance trade revived with the Tang dynasty and unification of much of Southwest Asia.  The Silk Road was renewed and thrived, and caravans carried goods back and forth from China to the countries of South Asia and Southwest Asia.  This and domestic trade made Changan, estimated population of two million, the richest city in the world during the Tang period. Government and the Economy (cont.) (pages 250–251)

20. Section 1-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 252) Chinese Society In the thirteenth century, Marco Polo described the Song capital of Hangzhou, saying that “So many pleasures may be found that one fancies himself to be in Paradise.”  Life was good in these cities for the wealthy.

21. Section 1-27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chinese Society (cont.) People found new ways to communicate with the invention of block printing in the eighth century.  The vast majority of Chinese lived off the land in villages.  Most hardly left their villages during their lifetimes.  The gulf between rich and poor was reduced a bit, however, and a more complex mixture of landowners, free peasants, sharecroppers, and landless laborers emerged. (page 252)

22. Section 1-28 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The most significant change was the rise of the landed gentry.  They controlled much of the land and produced most of the civil service candidates.  These scholar-gentry replaced the landed aristocracy as the political and economic elite of Chinese society. Chinese Society (cont.) (page 252)

23. Section 1-29 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The status of women in Chinese society was low.  As elsewhere in the world, female children were considered less desirable than male children.  Female infants might even be killed if there was not enough food for all.  Wives became part of their husbands’ families.  When a woman married, her parents provided a dowry (money or goods) to her husband. Chinese Society (cont.) (page 252)

24. Section 1-30 Poor families often sold their daughters to wealthy villagers. Chinese Society (cont.) (page 252)

25. Section 2-4 Preview of Events The Mongols and China

26. Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 253–254) The Mongol Empire The Mongols came from present-day Mongolia.  They were organized loosely into clans.  Temujin gradually unified the Mongols.  In 1206 he was elected Genghis Khan (“strong ruler”) at a massive meeting in the Gobi.  He devoted himself to conquest.

27. Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Mongol Empire (cont.) The Mongols created the largest land empire in history, comprising much of the Eurasian landmass.  Its capital was at Karakorum.  Genghis Khan died in 1227.  Following Mongol custom, the empire was divided among his sons into several khanates.  Mongol forces soon attacked the Persians, Abbasids, and the Song. (pages 253–254)

28. Section 2-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In attacking the Song, the Mongols first experienced gunpowder and the fire- lance.  The latter evolved into more effective handguns and cannons.  By the early fourteenth century foreigners in the employ of Mongol rulers brought gunpowder and firearms to Europe. The Mongol Empire (cont.) (pages 253–254)

29. Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 254–255) In 1279 Kublai Khan completed conquering the Song.  The Mongol Dynasty in China He established the Yuan dynasty in China.  He established the capital at Khanbaliq (“the city of the Khan”), now known as Beijing.

30. Section 2-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Mongol Dynasty in China (cont.) Under Kublai Khan, Mongol forces advanced against Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and Japan.  Mongol military tactics, such as cavalry charges and siege warfare, were not effective in these largely tropical, hilly regions.  These Mongol campaigns failed. (pages 254–255)

31. Section 2-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Mongols were successful at ruling China.  They adapted to the Chinese political system and used Chinese bureaucrats.  The Mongols formed their own class, however, staffing the highest positions in the bureaucracy. The Mongol Dynasty in China (cont.) (pages 254–255)

32. Section 2-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Over time, the Mongol dynasty won the support of the Chinese people, in part due to the economic prosperity and social stability the Mongols brought.  Marco Polo wrote glowingly of Khanbaliq.  His stories of the glories of China seemed unbelievable to Europeans. The Mongol Dynasty in China (cont.) (pages 254–255)

33. Section 2-15 The Mongol dynasty finally fell apart due to problems that affected the other dynasties: too much spending on foreign conquests, corruption at court, and growing internal instability.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, the son of a peasant, formed an army, ended the Mongol dynasty, and established the Ming dynasty. The Mongol Dynasty in China (cont.) (pages 254–255)

34. Section 2-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 255–256) By the time of the Sui and Tang dynasties, Buddhism and Daoism had emerged to rival Confucianism.  Religion and Government Confucianism reemerged during the Song dynasty and held its dominance until the early twentieth century.

35. Section 2-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Religion and Government (cont.) Buddhism came to China in the first century A.D.  Indian merchants and missionaries brought it.  Because of the instability after the collapse of the Han dynasty, both Buddhism and Daoism attracted many people, especially the ruling classes, intellectuals, and the wealthy. (pages 255–256)

36. Section 2-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Tang rulers supported monasteries, and Buddhists became advisers at the imperial court.  Ultimately, however, Buddhism was criticized and attacked.  Buddhism was attacked for being a foreign religion.  Also, the Buddhist monasteries held lands and serfs, and with these holdings came corruption. Religion and Government (cont.) (pages 255–256)

37. Section 2-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. During the late Tang period, the government destroyed many Buddhist temples and forced more than 260,000 monks and nuns to return to secular life.  Buddhism and Daoism no longer enjoyed state support. Religion and Government (cont.) (pages 255–256)

38. Section 2-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Official support went to a revived Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism.  It differs from the original Confucianism.  It teaches that the world is real, not illusory, and that fulfillment comes from participation in the world. Religion and Government (cont.) (pages 255–256)

39. Section 2-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Neo-Confucianists divide the world into material and spiritual worlds. Humans link the two.  We live in the material world but are linked with the Supreme Ultimate.  The goal of humans is to unify with the Supreme Ultimate, through a careful examination of the moral principles that rule the universe. Religion and Government (cont.) (pages 255–256)

40. Section 2-24 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 256–257) The invention of printing during the Tang dynasty helped make literature available and popular.  A Golden Age in Literature and Art The period between the Tang and Ming dynasties was a great age of Chinese literature.  Art also flourished.

41. Section 2-25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A Golden Age in Literature and Art (cont.) Poetry was the highest literary art of the time.  Some 2,200 authors wrote at least 48,000 poems.  They celebrated the beauty of nature, the changes of seasons, and the joys of friendship.  The expressed the sadness of parting and life’s brevity. (pages 256–257)

42. Section 2-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Li Bo and Duo Fu were two of the most popular poets.  One of Li Bo’s poems has been memorized by Chinese schoolchildren for centuries.  He was a free spirit known for his nature poetry.  Duo Fu was a serious Confucian concerned with social justice and the plight of the poor. A Golden Age in Literature and Art (cont.) (pages 256–257)

43. Section 2-27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Landscape painting reached its height during the Song and Mongol dynasties.  Painters went into the mountains to paint and find the Dao, or Way, in nature.  The word for landscape in Chinese means “mountain-water” and reflects the Daoist search for balance between Earth and water. A Golden Age in Literature and Art (cont.) (pages 256–257)

44. Section 2-28 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chinese artists tried to depict the idea of the landscape, not how it appeared realistically.  Empty spaces were left in the paintings because Daoists believe one cannot know the whole truth.  Daoist influence also caused the people to be quite small in these landscapes, not dominating but living within nature. A Golden Age in Literature and Art (cont.) (pages 256–257)

45. Section 2-29 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Ceramics, and especially Tang- period porcelain, a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures, flourished.  The technique for making porcelain did not reach Europe until the eighteenth century. A Golden Age in Literature and Art (cont.) (pages 256–257)

46. Section 3-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 263–264) Chinese and Japanese societies have always been very different.  The Geography of Japan One reason is the differing geographies.  Japan is a chain of many islands.  The population is concentrated on Hokkaido, the main island of Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku.  Japan’s total land size is about equal to the state of Montana.

47. Section 3-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Geography of Japan (cont.) Much of Japan is mountainous.  About 11 percent of the land can be farmed.  Japan is prone to earthquakes.  An earthquake almost destroyed Tokyo in 1923.  Because of being geographically isolated, the Japanese developed a number of unique qualities, which contributed to the Japanese belief that they had a destiny separate from other peoples. (pages 263–264)

48. Section 3-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 264–265) Japanese first settled in the Yamato plain near present-day Osaka and Kyoto.  Society was comprised of clans, and the people were divided into a small aristocratic class and a large group of farmers, artisans, and servants.  Local rulers protected the population in return for a share of the harvest.  One Yamato clan gained supremacy and, in effect, ruled Japan.  Other families continued to compete for power, however. The Rise of the Japanese State

49. Section 3-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) Shotoku Taishi (early seventh century) tried to unify the clans to resist Chinese invasion.  To do this, he imitated to a degree the Chinese structure of government.  He wanted a supreme ruler over a centralized government to limit the aristocrats’ power and enhance his own.  The ruler was portrayed as a divine figure and the symbol of Japan. (pages 264–265)

50. Section 3-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. His successors continued to emulate the Chinese model.  They formed administrative districts.  The rural village was the basic governmental unit.  A new tax system was set up so taxes went directly to the government, not local aristocrats, and all farmland technically belonged to the state. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) (pages 264–265)

51. Section 3-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. After Shotoku Taishi’s death in 622, the Fujiwara clan gained power.  In 710, the ruler moved the capital to Nara and began to use the title “son of Heaven.”  The central government declined because the noble families were able to keep taxes from the lands for themselves. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) (pages 264–265)

52. Section 3-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 794, the emperor moved the capital to nearby Heian, present-day Kyoto.  The government was returning to the decentralized system that existed before Shotoku Taishi.  More and more peasants gave their lands to the aristocrats to avoid paying high taxes to them, becoming tenant farmers. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) (pages 264–265)

53. Section 3-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Landed aristocrats increasingly turned to military power to pursue their interests.  This led to the creation of the samurai (“those who serve”) class.  They were like knights and had their own code, called Bushido (“the way of the warrior”).  Above all, the samurai were loyal to their lord and employer. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) (pages 264–265)

54. Section 3-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. By the late twelfth century, Japanese wealthy families were embroiled in almost constant civil war.  Finally, the nobleman Minamoto Yoritomo defeated several rivals and set up his power near modern Tokyo.  He created a more centralized government, called the shogunate, under a military ruler, or shogun.  He, not the emperor, had the real power. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) (pages 264–265)

55. Section 3-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Yoritomo’s Kamakura shogunate lasted from 1192 to 1333.  This system came just in time.  In 1281, Kublai Khan invaded Japan with vastly superior forces.  A typhoon, however, destroyed almost the entire Mongol fleet.  Japan would not have foreign invaders again until 1945. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) (pages 264–265)

56. Section 3-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The power of local aristocrats grew during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.  Heads of noble families, called daimyo (“great names”), controlled vast landed estates that were tax exempt.  The daimyo relied on the samurai, and a loose coalition of noble families came into power. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) (pages 264–265)

57. Section 3-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. By 1500 central power had disappeared.  The disastrous Onin War, a civil war, almost destroyed Kyoto.  The rivalries of powerful lords plunged Japan into virtual chaos. The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.) (pages 264–265)

58. Section 3-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 266) Early Japan was largely a farming society.  Life in Early Japan Due to abundant rainfall, many farmers grew wet rice, or rice grown in flooded fields.  Trade and manufacturing began to develop during the Kamakura period.  Industries such as paper, iron casting, and porcelain emerged.  Foreign trade with Korea and China emerged in the eleventh century.

59. Section 3-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Life in Early Japan (cont.) Women may have had a certain level of equality with men in early Japan.  An eighth-century law guaranteed inheritance rights for women.  Abandoned wives could divorce and remarry.  Even so, women were considered subordinate to men.  A husband could divorce on the grounds of the wife talking too much, having a serious illness, or being unable to produce a male child. (page 266)

60. Section 3-23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Women played an active role in various levels of society.  Some were prominent at court, and some were known for artistic and literary talents.  Women often appear in the paintings of the time as farm workers, salespersons, and entertainers. Life in Early Japan (cont.) (page 266)

61. Section 3-24 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early Japanese worshipped spirits called kami they believed resided in nature.  They also believed their own ancestors were in the air around them.  These beliefs evolved into a kind of state religion called Shinto (“the Sacred Way” or “the Way of the Gods”), still practiced today. Life in Early Japan (cont.) (page 266)

62. Section 3-25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Shinto evolved into a state doctrine connected to a belief in the divinity of the emperor and the sacredness of the Japanese nation.  According to legend, the first emperor was descended from the sun goddess, Amaterasu. Life in Early Japan (cont.) (page 266)

63. Section 3-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Some Japanese turned to Buddhism, brought from China during the sixth century.  The sect called Zen became the most popular.  Zen beliefs became part of the samurai warrior’s code.  According to Zen, there are different ways to achieve enlightenment, a state of pure being.  Some say it can come suddenly, others that it can be achieved only through strong self-discipline, especially meditation. Life in Early Japan (cont.) (page 266)

64. Section 3-27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. From the ninth to the twelfth centuries, women were the most productive writers of prose in Japan.  Men in early Japan believed prose fiction was merely “vulgar gossip.”  Women wrote diaries, stories, and novels to pass the time. Life in Early Japan (cont.) (page 266)

65. Section 3-28 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. This tradition produced one of the world’s great novels, The Tale of Genji, written by Murasaki Shikibu around the year 1000.  The novel traces the life of the noble Genji as he moves from youthful adventure to a life of sadness and compassion in his later years.  Throughout, he tries to remain in favor with the powerful in Japan. Life in Early Japan (cont.) (page 266)

66. Section 3-29 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Landscape served as the means of expression in Japanese art and architecture.  The landscape around the fourteenth- century Golden Pavilion in Kyoto shows a harmony of garden, water, and architecture.  It is one of the world’s treasures. Life in Early Japan (cont.) (page 266)

67. Section 3-31 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 267) The Korean Peninsula is only slightly larger than Minnesota.  The Emergence of Korea It is mountainous.  No society in East Asia was more influenced by the Chinese model than Korea.

68. Section 3-32 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Emergence of Korea (cont.) In 109 B.C., the northern part of the peninsula came under Chinese control.  The Koreans drove them out in the third century A.D.  Three kingdoms emerged: Koguryo in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast.  They were bitter rivals from the fourth to the seventh centuries. (page 267)

69. Section 3-33 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Silla gained control. Korea sank into civil war after the king of Silla was assassinated.  In the tenth century, the Koryo (root of the word Korea) dynasty arose in the north.  To unify the country, it adopted Chinese political institutions and stayed in power for four hundred years. The Emergence of Korea (cont.) (page 267)

70. Section 3-34 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mongols seized the northern part of Korea in the thirteenth century.  The Koryo dynasty stayed in power.  Mongol rule was harsh, however, especially for the thousands of people forced to make ships for Kublai Khan’s invasion of Japan.  In 1392, Yi Song-gye seized power and founded the Yi dynasty in Korea. The Emergence of Korea (cont.) (page 267)

71. Section 4-4 Preview of Events India after the Guptas

72. Section 4-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 268–269) Buddhism was popular among the Indian people for hundreds of years.  The Decline of Buddhism A split developed in the followers of Buddhism in India.  One group believed it was following the original teaching of the Buddha.  Its members called themselves the school of Theravada (“the teachings of the elders”).  They saw Buddhism as a way of life, not a religion centered on individual salvation.

73. Section 4-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Decline of Buddhism (cont.) They claimed that understanding one’s self is the chief way to gain nirvana, or release from the “wheel of life.”  Another view of Buddhism stressed that nirvana was achieved through devotion to the Buddha.  This school is known as Mahayana Buddhism.  Its members claimed that Theravada teachings were too strict for ordinary people. (pages 268–269)

74. Section 4-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. To Mahayana, Buddhism is a religion, not a philosophy.  The Buddha was not just a wise man but also a divine figure.  Nirvana is a true heaven.  Through devotion to the Buddha people can achieve salvation in this heaven after death. The Decline of Buddhism (cont.) (pages 268–269)

75. Section 4-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Ultimately, neither sect remained popular in India.  Hinduism and Islam became more accepted.  Both schools of Buddhism were successful abroad, however, with monks carrying them to China, Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia, where people still practice Buddhism extensively. The Decline of Buddhism (cont.) (pages 268–269)

76. Section 4-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 269) In the early eighth century Islam became popular in the northern Indian subcontinent.  The Eastward Expansion of Islam It had a major impact on Indian civilization.  One reason for this success is that it arrived at a time of political disunity.  The Gupta Empire had collapsed, and India’s almost 70 states warred with each other.

77. Section 4-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Eastward Expansion of Islam (cont.) The founder’s son, Mahmud of Ghazni, took power in 997.  He attacked neighboring Hindu kingdoms and greatly expanded his state. At the end of the tenth century, Islam expanded as rebellious Turkish slaves founded an Islamic state known as Ghazni, in present-day Afghanistan.  (page 269)

78. Section 4-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mahmud’s cavalry outfought their slower infantry and elephants, however.  By 1200, Muslim power was spread over north India, creating a new Muslim state known as the Sultanate of Delhi.  In the next century, this state extended its power into the Deccan Plateau. Hindu warriors called Rajputs fought Mahmud in the north.  The Eastward Expansion of Islam (cont.) (page 269)

79. Section 4-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 269–270) The Sultanate of Delhi declined by the end of the fourteenth century.  The Impact of Timur Lenk A new military force raided Delhi and then retreated, but not before massacring 100,000 Hindu prisoners.  The commander was Timur Lenk (Tamerlane).

80. Section 4-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Impact of Timur Lenk (cont.) Timur Lenk ruled a Mongol state based in Samarkand.  He seized power in 1369 and began conquering.  He placed Mesopotamia and the region east of the Caspian Sea under his control.  He died in 1405. (pages 269–270)

81. Section 4-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. His death removed a major threat from the various states of the Indian subcontinent.  By the early sixteenth century, two new challenges appeared: the Moguls, a newly emerging nomadic power from the north, and the Portuguese traders arriving by sea searching for gold and spices. The Impact of Timur Lenk (cont.) (pages 269–270)

82. Section 4-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 270) Since the Indian Muslim rulers saw themselves as foreign conquerors, they tried to maintain a strict separation between the Muslim ruling class and the mass of the Hindu population.  Islam and Indian Society Muslim rulers tended to be intolerant of other faiths.  They generally used peaceful means to encourage people to convert to Islam, however.  The sheer number of Hindus convinced some Muslim rulers that the population could not be converted to Islam.

83. Section 4-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Islam and Indian Society (cont.) Muslim rulers did impose Muslim customs on the Hindus.  In general, the relationship between Muslim and Hindu was that of conqueror and conquered, and so marked by suspicion and dislike rather than friendship and understanding.  Hatred and violence between Hindus and Muslims have plagued Indian history.  For example, in 1992 a mob of Hindu militants sacked a Muslim mosque in northern India. (page 270)

84. Section 4-22 The mosque was built centuries ago on a Hindu sacred site. Islam and Indian Society (cont.) (page 270)

85. Section 4-24 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 270–271) Between 500 and 1500, most Indians farmed their own small plots.  Economy and Daily Life They paid a share of their harvest to a landlord, basically a tax collector for the local lord.  Many people, such as landed elites and rich merchants, during this period lived in cities, however.

86. Section 4-25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Economy and Daily Life (cont.) Many rulers were fabulously wealthy.  One maharaja (great king) had more than a hundred thousand soldiers in his pay, nine hundred elephants, and twenty thousand horses.  Another kept a thousand women to sweep his palace.  They went before him as he walked. (pages 270–271)

87. Section 4-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. India’s chief source of wealth was agriculture, but it also was a trade center between Southwest and East Asia.  Internal trade declined during periods of internal strife.  Foreign trade remained high, especially in the south and along the northwestern coast.  Both areas were on the traditional trade routes to Southwest Asia and the Mediterranean Sea. Economy and Daily Life (cont.) (pages 270–271)

88. Section 4-28 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 271–272) Indian arts flourished between 500 and 1500.  The Wonder of Indian Culture Two of the most important were architecture and prose literature.  Indian architects built magnificent Hindu temples.  Each had a central shrine surrounded by a tower, a hall for worshippers, an entryway, and a porch, all set in a courtyard.  The temples and tower were complex and ornate.

89. Section 4-29 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Wonder of Indian Culture (cont.) The greatest temples probably are at Khajuraho.  Of the 80 built there, 20 are still standing.  They all are buttressed (supported by stone walls) at various levels on the sides.  This gives a sense of upward movement similar to the sacred Mount Kailasa in the Himalaya. (pages 271–272)

90. Section 4-30 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Prose was established in India by the sixth and seventh centuries.  By contrast, the novel did not appear in Japan until the tenth century and Europe until the seventeenth.  One of the greatest masters of Sanskrit prose was Dandin, who wrote The Ten Princes in the seventh century.  The book fuses history and fiction.  Dandin’s powers of observation and humor give his writing vitality. The Wonder of Indian Culture (cont.) (pages 271–272)

91. Section 5-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 273–274) Southeast Asia lies between China and India.  The Land and People of Southeast Asia It has two major parts: a mainland region extending southward from China to the tip of the Malay Peninsula, and an extensive archipelago (chain of islands) that makes up modern Indonesia and the Philippines.  Ancient mariners called the area the “golden region” or “golden islands.”  It contains a vast mixture of races, cultures, and religions.

92. Section 5-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Land and People of Southeast Asia (cont.) The densely forested mountains often contain malaria-carrying mosquitoes.  Therefore, the people in the valleys were often cut off from one another. The mainland has many mountain ranges, between which are fertile valleys.  (pages 273–274)

93. Section 5-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Rather, separate and distinctive cultures developed, with different languages, religions, and other cultural practices. Southeast Asia is one of the few parts of Asia that never unified under a single government.  The Land and People of Southeast Asia (cont.) (pages 273–274)

94. Section 5-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 274–276) Between 500 and 1500, states that adapted Chinese and Indian models to their own needs developed throughout Southeast Asia.  The Formation of States The Vietnamese were one of the first people in Southeast Asia to develop their own culture and state.  China conquered Vietnam in 111 B.C.  They failed for centuries to make Vietnam part of China, however.

95. Section 5-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Formation of States (cont.) Vietnamese rulers adapted the Chinese model of governing after overthrowing the Chinese in the tenth century.  The new Vietnamese state–Dai Viet (Great Viet)– adopted Confucianism, Chinese court rituals, and the civil service examination.  The state was a dynamic force that expanded southward to the Gulf of Thailand by 1600. (pages 274–276)

96. Section 5-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The kingdom of Angkor arose in the ninth century in present-day Cambodia, after the powerful leader Jayavarman united the Khmer people.  He was crowned god-king in 802.  Angkor (Khmer Empire) was the most powerful mainland state in Southeast Asia.  Angkor faced enemies on all sides. The Formation of States (cont.) (pages 274–276)

97. Section 5-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Angkor declined with the arrival of the Thai people in the fourteenth century.  Earlier in the eleventh or twelfth centuries, the Thai began moving southward, encouraged by the Mongol invasion of China.  The migrating Thai destroyed the Angkor capital in 1432.  The Thai converted to Buddhism and borrowed Indian political practices, but evolved their own distinct blend that became the culture of present-day Thailand. The Formation of States (cont.) (pages 274–276)

98. Section 5-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Burmans migrated from Tibet beginning in the seventh century A.D., probably to escape advancing Chinese armies.  They were pastoral, but they took up farming after their arrival in Southeast Asia.  They converted to Buddhism and established the kingdom of Pagan, which was active in the sea trade throughout the region.  Pagan declined in the late thirteenth century due to attacks from the Mongols. The Formation of States (cont.) (pages 274–276)

99. Section 5-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago were tied to the trade that passed from East Asia through the Indian Ocean.  The area did not unite under a single ruler, and peoples lived in several different communities.  Two states did finally emerge.  Srivijaya dominated the trade through the Strait of Malacca beginning in the eighth century.  Sailendra emerged in eastern Java. The Formation of States (cont.) (pages 274–276)

100. Section 5-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Later the kingdom of Majapahit became the region’s greatest empire.  Then around 1400, the Islamic state of Melaka began to form.  The small town of Melaka on the western coast of the Malay Peninsula soon became the area’s major trading post.  Eventually almost the entire population of the region was converted to Islam and was part of the Sultanate of Melaka. The Formation of States (cont.) (pages 274–276)

101. Section 5-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 277) Southeast Asian states can be divided into two groups–agricultural societies and trading societies–depending on the basis of their economies.  Economic Forces and Social Structures Agricultural societies did some trading, of course.

102. Section 5-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Economic Forces and Social Structures (cont.) Demand for spices rose and added to the growing amount of trade, as European and Southeast Asian wealth grew around the same time.  Merchants from India and the Arabian Peninsula sailed to the Indonesian islands to bring back cloves, pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, and precious woods like teak and sandalwood that the wealthy in China and Europe wanted. Trade reached its height after the Muslim conquest of northern India.  (page 277)

103. Section 5-21 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. They lived in the cities.  Angkor Thom was one, with royal palaces and parks, a large parade ground, reservoirs, and temples. Hereditary aristocrats topped the social ladder in most Southeast Asian societies, holding political and economic power.  Economic Forces and Social Structures (cont.) (page 277)

104. Section 5-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Most people were rice farmers who lived at a subsistence level and paid heavy rent or taxes to local landlords or rulers. Farmers, fishers, artisans, and merchants made up the rest of the population.  Economic Forces and Social Structures (cont.) (page 277)

105. Section 5-23 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Women worked side by side with men in the fields and often participated in trade. Women in most Southeast Asian societies had more rights than they did in China or India.  Economic Forces and Social Structures (cont.) (page 277)

106. Section 5-25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 277–278) Chinese culture affected Vietnam.  Culture and Religion Indian influence prevailed in most of the rest of Southeast Asia.  Architecture is the best example of the latter influence, for example the temple of Angkor Wat in present-day Cambodia.  It rises like a 200-foot mountain in a series of three terraces, and huge walls surround it.  Constructing it took forty years and as much stone as Egypt’s Great Pyramid.

107. Section 5-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Culture and Religion (cont.) Hinduism and Buddhism moved into Southeast Asia beginning in the first millennium A.D.  However, old faiths blended with the new.  The king played an important role in this process.  The ruler was seen as a living link between the people and the gods. (pages 277–278)

108. Section 5-27 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Buddhism began to have a real impact with the introduction of Theravada in the eleventh century, initially in Burma.  Eventually, Buddhism became the religion of the masses of people in Southeast Asia.  Part of the reason is that it teaches that people can seek nirvana through their own efforts, they do not need priests or rulers.  In addition, it tolerated local gods, and so it did not threaten established faiths. Culture and Religion (cont.) (pages 277–278)

109. Section 2-3 What were the major achievements of the Mongol dynasty?  Preview Questions Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Mongols and China What changes resulted from the Mongol invasions?

110. Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 253–254) The Mongol Empire The Mongols came from present-day Mongolia.  They were organized loosely into clans.  Temujin gradually unified the Mongols.  In 1206 he was elected Genghis Khan (“strong ruler”) at a massive meeting in the Gobi.  He devoted himself to conquest.

111. Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Mongol Empire (cont.) The Mongols created the largest land empire in history, comprising much of the Eurasian landmass.  Its capital was at Karakorum.  Genghis Khan died in 1227.  Following Mongol custom, the empire was divided among his sons into several khanates.  Mongol forces soon attacked the Persians, Abbasids, and the Song. (pages 253–254)