1. 120 GeV Targeting Overview Neutrino beams utilizing 120 GeV protons from Project X Main Injector Jim Hylen Accelerator Physics and Technology Workshop for Project X November 12-13, 2007 With thanks to Patrick Hurh, Mike Martens, Bob Wands, Kamran Vaziri, Sam Childress, Peter Lucas and others for their work on this study

2. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 2 Outline  Overview of components that make up a conventional neutrino beam-line  Issues related to use of Project X beam for the existing NuMI beam-line from study done last summer  Issues related to a new neutrino beam-line, utilizing the specific example of a detector at the Homestake Mine DUSEL site

3. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 3 Components of a conventional beam-line Transport line carrying protons to target Vacuum window at end of transport Target, producing pions from proton interactions Magnets (horns) to focus pions Drift space to allow pions to decay to neutrinos (vacuum or helium) Absorber to catch left-over beam Lots of radiation shielding Cooling (Radio-activated water systems) Ventilation Instrumentation Equipment for remotely handling radio-activated components

4. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 4 Target Hall, Decay Pipe, Beam Absorber

5. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 5 Target

6. 6 Horns Parabolic inner conductors: 3 Tesla max. magnetic field 3 m active length each horn 200 kA current pulse

7. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 7 Proton Beam ParameterComment 120 GeV beam energyyields 2.3 MW beam power 1.7e14 Protons on target / spill 1.4 second repetition rate 10 microsecond spill lengthSingle turn extraction 2.4e21 Protons on target / yearBased on 2e7 seconds per year full power 25 pi-mm-mrad 95% transverse emittance from Main Injector (M.I.) Estimate of what will be delivered by M.I. momentum spread from Main Injector: 95% half spread at extraction to be smaller than 8E-4 Estimate of what will be delivered by M.I. 1.5 mm RMS beam spot size on target Required by target design ~0.1 mm rms proton beam jitter on target Driven by experimental systematics Proton Beam Parameters for Project X

8. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 8 Issues for upgrading the NuMI beam-line There is limited ability to upgrade the decay pipe and absorber of the existing NuMI facility because these systems are already radio-activated and are not designed for remote handling. Preliminary studies indicate the issue limiting potential beam power is stress between the steel decay pipe and the concrete shielding cast around it, with the resulting limit being about 2.0 MW. The engineering code requires a large safety factor because the decay pipe is (was) a vacuum vessel. If we fill the decay pipe with 1 atmosphere of helium, the decay pipe would no longer be a vacuum vessel, and we could operate closer to the actual calculated failure stress point, and possibly thus at higher power (2.3 MW). This solution requires further study. (We are filling the NuMI decay pipe with helium as of today, and expect to operate that way from now on). Monte Carlo predicts the addition of helium will reduce neutrino flux by a few percent.

9. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 9 Issues possibly limiting beam power to NuMI NuMI IssueConclusion / Comment Ground water activation Groundwater activation limits will not be exceeded by the projected number of protons per year (Beams-doc-2844) Radioactive Air Emissions Calculations indicate that radioactive air emissions would be just below regulatory limits (Beams-doc-2844). Alterations such as slowing down the ventilation fans would provide a safety factor. Decay Pipe Window (i)Calculations indicate that an accident pulse which missed the target and reached the window would be problematic. This can be mitigated by having the baffle upstream of the target completely occlude the area where beam would miss the target. (ii)Although direct radiation damage to the window is not expected to be problematic, accelerated corrosion due to the high radiation environment is a concern. This concern could be reduced by filling the decay pipe with 1 atmosphere of helium, thus reducing the stress on the window. Decay PipeStress due to thermal expansion may limit operation to ~2.0 MW beam power (Beams-doc-2845), mitigate with helium ?

10. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 10 Issues possibly limiting beam power to NuMI - continued NuMI Issue – cont.Conclusion / Comment Target(i)Calculations indicate that a solid graphite target (not radically different from what NuMI currently uses) can handle normal operating stress with 2.3 MW beam (ii) Estimate of radiation damage give ~1 year lifetime, but proton radiation damage not well known. (iii)Exiting water cooling style leads to high values of hydraulic shock. R&D needs to be done on target cooling schemes. Residual Dose in work areas Dose rate can be mitigated with additional shielding (see Beams-doc-2844, Kamran Vaziri)

11. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 11 Issues possibly limiting beam power to NuMI - continued NuMI Issue – cont.Conclusion / Comment Hadron Absorber(i)Calculations indicate the absorber can handle normal operating conditions with 2.3 MW beam (ii)An accident condition where beam mis-steered off the target would hit the absorber can be prevented by changing the upstream target / baffle geometry. (iii)In an accident condition where cooling water flow fails, water could turn to steam where pipes pass through holes in the downstream steel slabs of the absorber. (At 2.3 MW, the innermost steel slab will reach 800 C). Requires further study, and may necessitate mitigation. (Beams- doc-2845, Bob Wands). General degradation by radiation damage, accelerated corrosion Direct radiation damage will not be limiting (although extra shielding for electronics in the target hall is needed). Accelerated corrosion is hard to quantify, and further study/experience is needed.

12. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 12 Decay pipe window inspection ( 1 m diameter, 1/16” thick, Aluminum ) Main new feature – spot at beam center Visually similar to aluminum oxide seen elsewhere in target hall 2004 2007

13. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 13 Horn status Still running with original horns; in midst of 3rd repair of a water line ceramic transition. Have accumulated 18 million pulses since May 2005. See visible corrosion. Horn 2 now

14. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 14 Issues for upgrading the NuMI beam-line One reason that it is possible to think of using a decay pipe and absorber meant for 0.4 MW of beam for the case of 2 MW beam is that the original systems were built with redundancy (extra cooling lines) and safety factors. A concern operationally is that for Project X beam we would be using that redundancy / safety factor for base operations. For instance, if a water line fails during 2 MW operation, one will need to figure out a way to repair the water line, whereas at NuMI base design power we can just turn it off and keep running. A risk analysis should be done, but is beyond last summer’s study.

15. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 15 NuMI components that may need upgrading NuMI upgradesComment Target (most technically challenging item for a green-field facility) Preliminary design is documented in NuMI Note 1100, IHEP Protvino, July 30, 2005 – will be presented in breakout HornsThe outer conductor of each horn will require increased water cooling. Hadron MonitorExisting monitor would saturate; need smaller ionization gap Beam profile monitor ?Could use the existing monitors if we drive them out of the beam for high intensity running, so did not examine this issue further at this time Cooling of beam pipe windowForced air on face or water at edge ? Target pile coolingHave explored the concept of water-cooled panels lining inner walls of steel shielding Decay pipe coolingIncrease water flow rate Absorber coolingHandle case of water steaming at steel penetrations if pumps fail - continued on next page

16. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 16 NuMI components that may need upgrading -continued NuMI components to be upgraded Comment RAW skidsIncrease heat exchanger capacities Cooling pond needed?May exceed capacity of existing cooling ponds, or evaporate tritium as ALARA Equipment to handle and transport radioactivated horns and target May want to dig a new side-tunnel for storage of broken horns. Will need increased shielding when working on horns and target. Refurbishment or replacement of crane rails, target hall drip ceiling, etc. Depends on corrosion rate and deterioration seen. Horn and target support modulesDepending on corrosion seen, may build replacement modules. Equipment for further air containment Allow more time for decay of short-lived radionuclides in the air Further shielding for electronics located inside the target hall Increase thickness of existing poly shielding

17. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 17 New Beam-line to DUSEL (Homestake Mine) (shown with 560m decay region, but 400m would probably suffice)

18. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 18 Issues for new beam-line to DUSEL Issues consideredConclusion / Comment Would a new beam-line directed toward DUSEL fit on the FNAL site? Yes, including transfer line, target hall, decay pipe, absorber, rock for muon range-out and near detector. Is there a target design that can survive these beam parameters? Yes (NuMI Note 1100, IHEP Protvino). Target stresses are OK for a graphite target (graphite is currently used for the NuMI target); development is needed for design of cooling. Can a beam window survive? (Transition from accelerator transfer line vacuum to target hall) Yes, based on scaling energy deposition density per spill by spot size from existing AP0 Beryllium window. May have to add active cooling to the window. Would existing section of transfer line have acceptable radiation loss? Yes, estimated emittance and momentum spread are consistent with existing transport line design. Are there any other target hall / decay pipe / absorber issues that are technology limited? None of the other components push the limits of current technology.

19. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 19 Draft list of possible tasks for collaboration I. Studies of corrosion. What nasty compounds are in target pile air? What is accelerated corrosion rate due to these compounds? Does beam ionization further accelerate the corrosion? What materials can withstand this environment? Would some processing of target pile air be worthwhile? II. Studies of target design Radiation damage rate of graphite and window material? How best to cool the target? Is there a better target design? III. Concepts of hot handling Remote manipulation, and component design to facilitate this IV. Hadron monitor for higher power V. Thermal analysis of target pile VI. Decay pipe window replacement VII. Decay pipe upgrade VIII. Absorber FEA

20. Nov. 12, 2007 Project X Workshop – 120 GeV Targeting - Jim Hylen 20 Conclusions I. Initial studies indicate the technical limit to beam power that could be accepted by an upgraded NuMI beamline is ~ 2 MW - however risk analysis is needed because of reduced redundancy and safety factor for very difficult-to-repair decay pipe and absorber II. No showstoppers for Project X beam to a new neutrino beam-line (DUSEL) - the specified beam parameters for 2.3 MW can be handled by a conventional neutrino beam-line - the target and window cooling are the most challenging aspects