1. 13.2 The Nature of Liquids> 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 13 States of Matter 13.1 The Nature of Gases 13.2 The Nature of Liquids 13.3 The Nature of Solids 13.4 Changes of State

2. 13.2 The Nature of Liquids> 2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases Do Now: Explain something you’ve observed in “real life” using the kinetic theory.

3. 13.3 The Nature of Solids > 3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. A Model for Solids melting point - temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid. freezing point - temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid.

4. 13.3 The Nature of Solids > 4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. A Model for Solids sublimation - change of a substance from a solid to a vapor, without passing through the liquid phase. deposition - change of a substance from a vapor to a solid without passing through the liquid state.. Solid Vapor (gas) sublimation deposition

5. 13.4 Changes of State > 5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.Sublimation Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) is often used as a coolant for goods such as ice cream, which must remain frozen during shipment.

6. 13.2 The Nature of Liquids> 6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Vapor Pressure Liquid Vapor (gas) vaporization condensation Vaporization: conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor. Evaporation: conversion of a liquid to a gas at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling

7. 13.2 The Nature of Liquids> 7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Vapor Pressure vapor pressure: measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid Vapor Pressure (in kPa) of Three Substances at Different Temperatures Substance0°C0°C20°C40°C60°C80°C100°C Water 0.61 2.33 7.37 19.92 47.34101.33 Ethanol 1.63 5.85 18.04 47.02108.34225.75 Diethyl ether 24.70 58.96122.80230.65399.11647.87

8. 13.2 The Nature of Liquids> 8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Boiling Point boiling point - temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is just equal to the external pressure on the liquid. normal boiling point – boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 101.3 kPa.

9. 13.2 The Nature of Liquids> 9 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Boiling Point Boiling Point and Pressure Changes Atmospheric pressure at the surface of water at 70°C is greater than its vapor pressure. Bubbles of vapor cannot form in the water, and it does not boil. At the boiling point, the vapor pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of vapor form in the water, and it boils. At higher altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is lower than it is at sea level. Thus, the water boils at a lower temperature. 101.3 kPa 34 kPa 70°C 100°C Sea Level Atop Mount Everest

10. 13.4 Changes of State > 10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Phase Diagrams phase diagram: graph showing conditions at which a substance exists as a solid, liquid, or vapor

11. 13.4 Changes of State > 11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Phase Diagrams The conditions of pressure and temperature at which two phases exist in equilibrium are indicated on the phase diagram by a line separating the phases.

12. 13.4 Changes of State > 12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Phase Diagrams triple point - set of conditions at which all three phases can exist in equilibrium with one another.

13. 13.4 Changes of State > 13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Describe how water moves from Earth’s surface to Earth’s atmosphere and back again as part of the water cycle. Be sure to include any phase changes that occur in your description. CHEMISTRY & YOU

14. 13.4 Changes of State > 14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

15. 13.4 Changes of State > 15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Plasma http://ed.ted.com/lessons/solid-liquid-gas-and- plasma-michael-murillo Plasma http://ed.ted.com/lessons/solid-liquid-gas-and- plasma-michael-murillo http://ed.ted.com/lessons/solid-liquid-gas-and- plasma-michael-murillo http://ed.ted.com/lessons/solid-liquid-gas-and- plasma-michael-murillo

16. 13.4 Changes of State > 16 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. END OF 13.4