1. Introduction to Marine Science
123rf.com
mare.hawaii.edu
Unit 2
Coach Deer
scrippsnews.ucsd.edu

2. Unit 2 Objectives: Define Marine Science
What are the four branches of oceanography?
What are careers in the field of oceanography?
Explain the history of oceanography including contributions from various cultures and time periods
List, identify, and describe common tools used in oceanography

3. What is Marine Science Marine: Related to the sea or ocean
Science: Body of knowledge and an organized method used to gain knowledge about the observable universe
Marine Science: Process of discovering facts, processes and unifying principles that explains the nature of oceans and their associated life form
Oceanography = Marine Science
aaronetto.blogspot.com

4. 4 Branches of Oceanography
Biological Oceanography: (AKA Marine Biology) Studies the diversity of life in the ocean and the ocean's role as their habitat
Chemical Oceanography: Studies the chemistry of seawater and the affect of chemical reactions on oceans
Geological Oceanography: Examines the composition of marine sediments and rocks including undersea volcanoes, seabed movement, undersea earthquakes, etc.
Physical Oceanography: Studies water movement (waves, currents, tides, etc.)
Complete careers in oceanography poster project...

5. History of Oceanography
In class project...
History of Seafaring People Keynote Options:
Phoenicians
Polynesians
Greeks
Egyptians
Portuguese and Spanish
Vikings
Chinese

6. History of Oceanography
Rise of Seafaring: 5,000 BC to 800 AD
5,000 BC Early civilizations interact with oceans to obtain food
early evidence from primitive fish hooks and spears
4,000 BC Earliest reference to voyage on a ship is the story of Noah and the Ark...widely debated
rootsvt.com

7. History of Oceanography
EGYPTIANS
-3,200 BC Egyptian Pharaoh Snefru brought 40 ships from Phoenicia to Egypt
-2,750 BC First recorded sea voyage for explorations
(recorded in Egyptian hieroglyphics)
-2,585-2,560 BC Egyptians built reed boat with oars and entombed the entire ship in the pyramid of Khufu

8. History of Oceanography
POLYNESIANS
-2, BC Polynesians routinely crossed ocean over 1,000's of kilometers in canoes made from tree trunks or planks that were sewn together with fiber rope and cracks sealed with tree sap
this is the earliest known regular long distance open ocean travel
in over 1,000 years they settled Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, Hawaii
used the north star and constellations to navigate
southpacifichotels.travel

9. History of Oceanography
GREEKS
Were the first to use mathematics to make sophisticated maps for seafaring
Knew the earth was a sphere NOT flat
Pytheas (about 400 BC)- Determined the Atlantic tides are based on the phases of the moon and used degrees north and south of the north star to navigate
Eratosthenes ( BC)- Calculated the Earth's circumference and invented the 1st longitude/latitude system
Ptolemy (150 AD) - Mapped a portion of the Earth as a sphere on flat paper and continued to improve longitude and latitude grids into degrees, min, sec of the arc... we are still using this today!

11. Longitude and Latitude System
Imaginary grid lines used to identify specific locations on Earth
Both longitude and latitude lines are numbered in degrees and are further subdivided into minutes and seconds
Knowing longitude and latitude can pinpoint a location on Earth
Latitude is written first and then followed by longitude
mrmeiners.wordpress.com

12. Latitude Latitude lines run east-west
They never intersect and are called parallels
0o parallel is the equator (the equator runs around the Earth at its widest point)
Parallels above the equator are called north latitudes
Parallels below the equator are called south latitudes

13. Longitude Longitude lines run north-south
Begin at one pole and end at the other
Sometimes called meridians
The 0o or Prime meridian runs through Greenwich, England

15. Practice Using Longitude and Latitude
Pretend that you want to find the wreck of the Titanic...
It's coordinates are 41o 43' 57’’ N, 49o 56' 49'' W,
Those coordinates mean that 49 degrees, 56 minutes, and 49 seconds west longitude and 41 degrees, 43 minutes, and 57 seconds north latitude.
Those coordinates will put you directly on the Titanic...
worldatlas.com

16. Practice Using Longitude and Latitude
Complete Longitude and Latitude Activity....

17. History of Oceanography The Middle Ages (800 A.D. – 1400 A.D.)
Europe is in the “Dark Ages”
Fall of the Roman Empire
People thought the Earth was flat
Except for Vikings there is little ocean exploration
Vikings travelled the oceans from 790 A.D. to 1100 A.D. when global warming freed the North Atlantic of ice.
Explored, raided, and established trade routes to Southern Europe, North Africa, Central Asia, Iceland, Greenland, and the Americas
Leif Eriksson landed in Newfoundland, Canada

19. History of Oceanography The Middle Ages (800 A.D. – 1400 A.D.)
China
1000 A.D. Invention of the magnetic compass
Ships with central rudders and watertight compartments
computersmiths.com

21. History of Oceanography European Voyages of Discovery (1400 -1700)
European Renaissance (rediscovery) sparks new interest in ocean exploration
1400’s Prince Henry of Portugal searched for a route to the East… didn’t make it but mapped out Western Africa in the process
1487 Bartholomeu Dias completes first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope (tip of southern Africa)
1497 Vasco de Gama led the first voyage around the Cape of Good Hope to India

24. History of Oceanography European Voyages of Discovery (1400 -1700)
1492 Portuguese explorer Christopher Columbus set out to find a route to Asia and accidentally discovers the Americas
Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci voyaged to South America and is the first person to recognize the “New World” as a separate continent
1500’s Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of the Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean on the other side and was the first European to sail into the Pacific
1519 Ferdinand Magellan led exploration to sail around the world (he died but the 18 men from his crew that survived finished the voyage)

27. History of Oceanography Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)
Captain James Cook (England) receives credit for first sea expedition devoted to scientific oceanography
Looked for but never found Antarctica
John Harrison invented the chronometer in 1735
Made it possible to determine longitude in open sea (latitude was already calculated with star sightings)
Chronometer: Clock or watch that is not affected by the waves or motion of the sea
bridgemanart.com
1oclockgun.com

30. History of Oceanography Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)
Wilkes Expedition (United States) is authorized by congress to explore the southern Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean
Travelled to Madeira, both coasts of South America, Tierra del Fuego, many South Pacific Islands, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, California, Oregon, the Philipines, Singapore, and St. Helena
Visited and proved the existence of Antaratica
At their conclusion they had 19 volumes of maps, texts, and illustrations documenting their discoveries as well as many specimens of flora and fauna

31. Route of Wilke’s Expedition
clade.ansp.org

32. History of Oceanography Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)
Father of Physical Oceanography- Mathew Maury
US Naval officer that discovered a world wide pattern of surface winds and currents
1855 Published the first textbook on modern oceanography – The Physical Geography of the Sea
artworkoriginals.com
oceanmotion.org

33. History of Oceanography Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)
1831 Charles Darwin’s voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle
Published two important scientific documents:
Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
The Origin of a Species – Outlines his theory of natural selection and evolution
kobobooks.com

34. History of Oceanography Birth of Marine Science (1700-1900)
The Challenger Expedition 1872
Devoted entirely to marine science exploration
Gathered physical, geological, chemical, and biological data as they documented temperature, currents, water chemistry, marine organisms, and bottom sediments
Some of the many accomplishments of this mission include:
First soundings deeper than 4,000 meters
Discovered marine organisms in the deepest part of the ocean
Identified 715 new genera and 4, 717 new species
*NASA named the second space shuttle in honor of this expedition

35. Challenger Expedition
geology.uprm.edu

36. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science
Many changes including the industrial revolution occurred during this time some of the major advancements include:
Steam engines and iron ships (allow sailors to travel without being at the mercy of the wind and currents)
Submarines (made possible by the inventions of the diesel engine, electric motor, and lead batteries)
Science and technology feed each other as funding from countries and private industry increases
Technology needs for wars also increase technology and science

38. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science
Three “super” important expeditions:
German Meteor -1925
Mapped the Atlantic sea floor using echo-sound technology
Atlantis – 1931
First ship specifically built and designed for ocean study
Confirmed existence of Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Challenger II – 1951
Found the deepest known part of the ocean located in the Marianas Trench (10,838 m or 35,558 ft)

39. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science
As a result of advances in science and technology the 20th century brought about many important tools for studying oceanography (this list includes just a few):
-Submarines -Submersibles
-Self-Contained Diving/Scuba
- GPS -ROV’s
-AUV’s -Satellites

40. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Until the 20th Century scientists studied the oceans from above until the invention of the submersible
There are 3 Types of Submersibles:
Bathysphere
Bathyscaphe
Deep-diving submersibles
123rf.com

41. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Bathysphere: (1930’s) Steel Ball with a window connected to the boat by an umbilical that provided communications and power
Limited because only operated vertically and was lowered and raised by a cable on ship
en.wikipedia.org

42. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Bathyscaphe: Sphere attached to a large float instead of a cable and ship with a small electric motor (operates like a blimp)
The float contains fluid that’s buoyant in water and a heavy ballast – by releasing fluid or some of the ballast the sphere could rise or descend
Limitations – difficult to operate and horizontal motion is limited
en.wikipedia.org

43. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Deep-diving Submersibles: 2-3 person submersibles that that dive in moderate to deep depths with excellent horizontal maneuverability
Less fragile that previous submersibles and easier to launch in rough seas
Limitations – cannot travel as deep as bathyscaphe
Some are equipped with robotic arms to grasp samples or perform experiments outside of the sub

45. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Self-Contained Diving:
First equipment had hard hat that was supplied air from the surface through a hose – this equipment was heavy and hard to maneuver Men of Honor Clip
Scuba: Lightweight self contained system for underwater exploration
1943 Jacques Cousteau developed scuba system that used compressed air and was relatively lightweight and simple
Within 20 years, scuba was in use by the military, scientists, and for recreation
Hardsuits: Wearable submersibles
Protect the diver from temperature and pressure and are far smaller and more mobile than conventional submersibles
en.wikipedia.org
webspace.webring.com

47. Comparing the use of Scuba and Submersibles in Oceanography
Advantages
Disadvantages
Submersibles
Greater Depth &
Duration
High Cost
Large Size
Logistical Complexity
Scuba
Simplicity
Portability
Low Cost
Limited Depth
Short Duration
*Today many scientists use both submersibles and scuba

48. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV): Small unmanned submarines with propellers, a video camera, and an umbilical to the surface
Operated by remote control
Can have claws, robotic arms, and other tools
Used to explore the wreck of the Titanic
sub-find.com

49. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV): Untethered robotic devices that are controlled by onboard computers
ysi.com

50. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Electronic Navigation:
1960’s LORAN-C location system was based on transmitted radio signals and was accurate within a few meters
Limits - would only work where LORAN transmitters were located and became less accurate farther away from transmitters
Global Positioning System (GPS) – Uses satellites to determine and display location within three – six meters of accuracy
Satellites: Objects that orbit the Earth and provide continuous measurements of sea-surface height, temperature, color, pollutions, etc
tf.nist.gov

51. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Mapping the Ocean Floor with Echo Sounding To map the seafloor, scientists bounce a beam of sound waves off the ocean bottom. Research ships moving along the sea surface repeatedly “ping” the seafloor with sound to map a continuous line of seafloor elevations below. 
Multibeam Bathymetry - The Successor to the Single-Beam Echo sounding By sending out many beams of sound simultaneously, research vessels can collect data on a wide swath of the seafloor, rather than a single line. So they can map much larger areas during a single cruise

52. History of Oceanography Twentieth-Century Marine Science Tools
Sea-Net: A new communications system developed in 1995 to extend the Internet to ships at sea
Much more affordable than using satellites to relay information