1. Progressives, Suffrage, and Nativism: The Highlights

2. Defining Progressivism Social reform movement of the early 20 th century (1890-1920) Sought to use the government to soften harshest effects of unregulated capitalism Expanded government Middle-class professionals

3. What problems did Progressives see overwhelming modern society? Urban poverty Poor labor conditions Poor living conditions (slums) Vulnerable young women and mothers Unassimilated immigrants Vice and immorality

8. The Solution? Regulation and protection! Strong believers in protective legislation and government regulation Labor laws Consumer protection Public health department Social Services Election reform

9. Women in the Progressive Movement High representation of middle- and upper-class women Had more free time than working women Challenged traditional gender roles Jane Addams

10. “Protecting” Poor Women & Children Legislative campaigns: Campaigning for protective labor laws and anti-child labor laws Mothers’ Pensions for “deserving” mothers and children Sometimes imposed middle-class social norms on immigrants and the poor

11. Settlement House Movement Private charities Provided services for poor and immigrant women Precursors to modern social workers Strong moral component: teach urban poor how to be “proper” American women

12. Fighting for the Vote Fight begins at Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 Women fight for inclusion in 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th Amendments Suffrage achieved in western states in 1910, 1911 National Woman’s Party, founded 1917

13. The Case Against Suffrage: J.B. Sanford, Chairman of Democratic Caucus, 1911 “The kindly, gentle influence of the mother in the home and the dignified influence of the teacher in the school will far outweigh all the influence of all the mannish female politicians on earth.” “Woman does not have to vote to secure her rights. Man will go to any extreme to protect and elevate her now. As long as woman is woman and keeps her place she will get more protection and more consideration than man gets. When she abdicates her throne she throws down the scepter of her power and loses her influence."

14. Suffragettes and the Temperance Movement Women’s Christian Temperance Union founded in 1873 Alcohol is a social ill with negative effects on families, immigrants, and the poor Evangelical Christians Anti-saloon crusades Temperance is a feminist issue Nearly 250,000 members in 1911

15. 18 th Amendment to the Constitution Established the prohibition of the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. Ratified by the states in 1919, and went into effect in January, 1920.

16. Nineteenth Amendment Ratified August 18, 1920 Prohibits and U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex.

17. Early Immigration Policy and Law Constitution, Article 1, Section 8: Congress must establish a uniform rule of naturalization; immigrants eligible for all federal offices except President and Vice President

18. 1790 Statute Naturalization restricted to “free white persons.” Purpose was to prevent African Americans and indentured servants from voting

19. Naturalization Act of 1870 Part of Reconstruction Era legislation Extended naturalization to “aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent.” Other non-whites still excluded

20. 1924 Immigration Act (Johnson-Reed Act) Created a quota system to limit immigration 164,000 immigrants allowed per year Quotas for each nation, based on 1890 statistics Goal of limiting Eastern and Southern European immigration Set immigration policy until 1965 Did not specifically exclude Mexican immigrants. Barred Asian immigrants.

21. Why did the Immigration Act of 1924 Pass? 1) Resurgence of the KKK in the 1920s 2) Employers, by and large, withdrew their opposition to restrictions on immigration 3) The growth of scientific racism (Eugenics)

22. What were the effects of the Immigration Act of 1924? The derisive concept of the “illegal alien is born,” and it is specifically used against people who are “less than completely white” or people of color. The act, by using the census in 1890 and excluding people of color entirely, had as its clear intent to prioritize immigration from the whitest countries of northern and western Europe.