1. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 1 Development of Accelerator Laboratories in Slovakia Marius Pavlovic, FEI STU, marius.pavlovic@stuba.skmarius.pavlovic@stuba.sk Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava

2. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 2 Basic facts about Slovakia Population: over 5 million people Area: about 49.000 km 2 Universities: over 30 Memberships: CERN, JINR, FAIR?, CentralSync, XFEL share-holder Own accelerator labs: 3

3. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 3 History (but not long time ago …)

4. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 4 Inhomogeneous accelerating tube

5. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 5 Inhomogeneous accelerating tube – focusing properties EXCELLENT EDUCATIONAL POTENTIAL !

6. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 6 Accelerators in operation at present: BIONT

7. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 7 Accelerators in operation at present: electron irradiation facility

8. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 8 Accelerators in operation at present: electron irradiation facility

9. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 9 Accelerators in operation at present: electron irradiation facility Linear electron accelerator UELR 5-1S at UCEA SMU  Producer: NIIEFA, St. Petersburg  Beam power: 1 kW  Electron energy: 3.6 - 6.2 MeV  Converted X-rays: up to 6.2 MeV  Beam scanning: 40 cm, 45 cm, 50 cm  Beam scanning frequency: 0.25 - 5 Hz  Beam repetition-rate: 5 -240 Hz  Beam diameter at the exit window: 11 mm  Conveyor velocity: 0.1 mm/s - 100 mm/s  Three modes of irradiation:  the static scientific irradiation  the in-line routine irradiation on conveyor  the rotational irradiation

10. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 10 Experience HOME LABORATORIES Material science and engineering using ion beams Ion implantation Ion beam analysis Material science using electron beams Radiation damage studies Sterilization Food-processing Isotope production Routine production of selected medical isotopes Research (marginal) ABROAD (PhD, visiting scientists, individual grants, institutional grants, EU-projects) High energy physics, Synchrotron-light users, etc.

11. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 11 New projects Not successful: Slovak Cyclotron Centre (from 1996) An isochronous cyclotron from JINR Dubna 72 MeV protons + heavy ions up tp Xe Good educational strategy Spectrum of applications too broad Proton Therapy Synchrotron 330 MeV synchrotron Educational strategy completely missing Little interest and support from oncologists

12. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 12 New projects Successful Pelletron laboratory of the Comenius University (in operation) AMS Nuclear reactions Involved in education Tandetron at the SAS (under construction) 2.0 MV Tandetron accelerator for Ion Beam Analysis and extendable for Pulsed Beam applications Partly involved in education (diploma works, PhD) 6.0 MV HC Tandetron “Slovakion” (under construction, acceleratory installation in June 2015) Emphasis on materials science and engineering Including complementary facilities Excellent educational strategy (team-building at HZDR)

13. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 13 A tandem system using a cascade generator

14. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 14 A tandem system using a cascade generator

15. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 15 Summary 5 Total number of home accelerator laboratories: 5 3 In operation: 3 2 Under construction: 2 3 Attached to universities: 3 2 In operation: 2 1 Under construction: 1 Dominating application domains: material science and engineering selected problems of nuclear physics

16. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 16 Major problems WRONG strategy of financing educational institutions according to the NUMBER of students general decrease of the quality of education (acquiring of an academic degree becomes less demanding, the teachers are forced to be more “tolerant”) students’ background in physics and mathematics becomes not satisfactory for sophisticated disciplines like accelerator physics, solid-state physics, HEP, etc.; students prefer studying less demanding disciplines or the same disciplines at universities having lower reputation; on the other hand, the most talented and ambitious students are not content with the level of education they can obtain in Slovakia and go abroad; Supporting few but excellent students is rather inefficient

17. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 17 Major problems Not successful projects spoil reputation and public acceptance of high-tech laboratories unfavorable feedback to young students making choice in education and future professional orientation; Project sub-financing is in fact WASTING money; Political arguments dominate expert technical decisions. Financing beam-times for educational purposes is problematic Financing beam-times for educational purposes is problematic Research projects are bounded to planned deliverables; little space for educational activities (running accelerator facilities is costly).

18. Universities meet Laboratories Frankfurt am Main, 30 September – 1 October 2014, Germany 18 Possible solutions Alternative forms of education (CAS, summer schools, summer-student programs etc.) universities should be more flexible and active in using and recognizing these alternative forms of education; An improved strategy of financing research projects An improved strategy of financing research projects harder project selection (=select fewer projects), but better financing; research projects should allow and integrate educational activities; better project selection would help to avoid failing projects and to increase the reputation and public acceptance. POSSIBLY, dedicated agencies for financing EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES should be created.